Comparative Immunology Reports (Jun 2024)
The impact of functional feed on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) systemic immune response to high and low levels of sea lice infection (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) and co-infection with infectious salmon anemia virus
Abstract
Due to the nature of open-pen farming, salmon are exposed to numerous pathogens shared by other farms and their wild counterparts. Industry must manage these outbreaks through vaccination, oral or bath treatments, and more recently through functional feed administration. Globally, the most important pathogens of salmon are sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis, and Caligus rogercresseyi) not only due to their direct impacts on the host, but indirectly by enhancing host susceptibility to co-infection. This study aims to characterize molecular responses during a co-infection of L. salmonis and a salmon orthomyxovirus (infectious salmon anemia virus; ISAv) under administration of four functional feed diets: a control feed with a low 0.3 % EPA/DHA + high-ω6 (Ctrl), an EPA/DHA enriched pro-inflammatory diet 1 % EPA/DHA + high-ω6; FA + I), an EPA/DHA enriched anti-inflammatory diet (1 % EPA/DHA+high-ω3; FA-I), and a low EPA/DHA feed (0.3 %) with an immunostimulant added (0.3 % EPA/DHA + high-ω6 + immunostimulant (IS); Ctrl + IS). Atlantic salmon (40 fish per tank; 8 tanks per feed) were acclimated to one of the four experimental diets. Sea lice copepodids were introduced to all experimental tanks and 10 fish sampled from each tank at each time point (prior to infection [−3], and 11, 33, 47 days post infection). A high virulence ISAv isolate (ISAV-HPR4) was intraperitoneally injected into donor fish 6 days prior to their transfer into the experimental tanks for cohabitation (ca. 10–15 % of tank density; 4 tanks per feed group) to achieve peak shedding rates at time of stocking. Fatty acid enriched (FA + I and FA-I) diets had a significant impact on sea lice abundance on fish infected with lice only. Gene expression profiles measured by reverse transcriptase-qPCR showed significant upregulation in several antiviral genes (irf7b and mxb) associated with the interferon system in all but the fish fed the immunostimulating diet. An increase in transcript levels (irf7b, isg15a, mmp-9, mxb) accounted for high lice and high viral loads in diets FA + I and Ctrl + IS. As feeds successful at reducing lice were the least successful in survival of co-infected fish, there appears to be a trade-off for better anti-parasitic responses, which is enhanced through dietary supplementation. This will require further research to ensure careful selection of feed combinations and expected co-infection challenges.
