Nanoengineering of extracellular vesicles for drug delivery systems: Current advances and future directions
Ali Afzal,
Muhammad Babar Khawar,
Ume Habiba,
Sara Shahzaman,
Syeda Eisha Hamid,
Mussarat Rafiq,
Muddasir Hassan Abbasi,
Nadeem Sheikh
Affiliations
Ali Afzal
Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutic Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Muhammad Babar Khawar
Applied Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan.; Corresponding author.
Ume Habiba
Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutic Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Sara Shahzaman
Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutic Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Syeda Eisha Hamid
Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutic Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Mussarat Rafiq
Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Muddasir Hassan Abbasi
Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
Nadeem Sheikh
Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) have gained high repute in drug delivery systems owing to their relatively higher efficacy as natural drug delivery vehicles. The current literature has advanced the use of EVs in drug delivery through exploring various aspects including their biogenesis, characterization, and nanoengineering techniques thereby leading them from laboratory to clinical use with optimized good laboratory practices. In this timely review, we summarize the current status of EVs characterizations and recent updates on nanoengineering of EVs regarding Cargo loading and surface fabrication. Further, we have also reviewed current progress in clinical translation and implications of EVs in clinical trials together with future recommendations.
