14-3-3 Proteins and the Plasma Membrane H⁺-ATPase Are Involved in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) Magnetic Induction

Abstract

The geomagnetic field (GMF) is a natural component of the biosphere, and, during evolution, all organisms experienced its presence while some evolved the ability to perceive magnetic fields (MF). We studied the response of 14-3-3 proteins and the plasma membrane (PM) proton pump H+-ATPase to reduced GMF values by lowering the GMF intensity to a near-null magnetic field (NNMF). Seedling morphology, H+-ATPase activity and content, 14-3-3 protein content, binding to PM and phosphorylation, gene expression, and ROS quantification were assessed in maize (Zea mays) dark-grown seedlings. Phytohormone and melatonin quantification were also assessed by LG-MS/MS. Our results suggest that the GMF regulates the PM H+-ATPase, and that NNMF conditions alter the proton pump activity by reducing the binding of 14-3-3 proteins. This effect was associated with both a reduction in H2O2 and downregulation of genes coding for enzymes involved in ROS production and scavenging, as well as calcium homeostasis. These early events were followed by the downregulation of IAA synthesis and gene expression and the increase in both cytokinin and ABA, which were associated with a reduction in root growth. The expression of the homolog of the MagR gene, ZmISCA2, paralleled that of CRY1, suggesting a possible role of ISCA in maize magnetic induction. Interestingly, melatonin, a widespread molecule present in many kingdoms, was increased by the GMF reduction, suggesting a still unknown role of this molecule in magnetoreception.

Keywords

• geomagnetic field
• near-null magnetic field
• coleoptiles and roots
• transcriptomics
• phytohormones
• IAA