Superior Textured Film and Process Tolerance Enabled by Intermediate‐State Engineering for High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Abstract As the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is increased to as high over 25%, it becomes pre‐eminent to study a scalable process with wide processing window to fabricate large‐area uniform perovskite films with good light‐trapping performance. A stable and uniform intermediate‐state complex film is obtained by using tetramethylene sulfoxide (TMSO), which extends the annealing window to as long as 20 min, promotes the formation of a high‐quality perovskite film with larger grains (over 400 nm) and spontaneously forms the surface texture to result in an improved fill factor and open‐circuit voltage (Voc). Moreover, the superior surface texture significantly increases the long‐wavelength response, leading to an improved short‐circuit current density (Jsc). As a result, the maximum PCE of 21.14% is achieved based on a simple planar cell structure without any interface passivation. Moreover, a large area module with active area of 6.75 cm2 is assembled using the optimized TMSO process, showing efficiency as high as 16.57%. The study paves the way to the rational design of highly efficient PSCs for potential scaled‐up production.

Keywords

• intermediate‐state
• perovskite solar cells
• process tolerance
• textured film