Progranulin in Musculoskeletal Inflammatory and Degenerative Disorders, Focus on Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus and Intervertebral Disc Disease: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Progranulin (PGRN) is a glycoprotein formed by 593 amino acids encoded by the GRN gene. It has an important role in immunity and inflammatory response, as well as in tissue recovery. Its role in musculoskeletal inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and intervertebral disc degeneration disease (IVDD), is, nowadays, an important target to investigate. The objective of this review is to systematically sum up all the recent findings concerning PGRN as a target in the development and resolution of the inflammatory diseases. PubMed was examined with the terms combinations (Progranulin) AND (Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic), (Progranulin) AND (Arthritis, Rheumatoid), and (Progranulin) AND (Intervertebral Disc Degeneration). PubMed was examined with the terms combinations (Atsttrin) AND (Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic), (Atsttrin) AND (Arthritis, Rheumatoid), and (Atsttrin) AND (Intervertebral Disc Degeneration). Moreover, research through Web of Science was performed searching the same items. The inclusion criteria were: studies whose main topic were progranulin, or atsttrin, with emphasis on the three selected diseases. On the other hand, the exclusion criteria were studies that only focused on diseases not related to RA, lupus or IVDD, in addition to the previous published literature reviews. Since few results were obtained, we did not filter by year. The records assessed for eligibility were 23, including all the studies with the information in state of art of progranulin and its capability to be a potential target or treatment for each one of the selected diseases. As these results are descriptive and not clinical trials, we did not perform risk of bias methods. Within these results, many studies have shown an anti-inflammatory activity of PGRN in RA. PGRN levels in serum and synovial fluids in RA patients were reported higher than controls. On the other hand, serum levels were directly correlated with SLE disease activity index, suggesting an important role of PGRN as a player in the progression of inflammatory diseases and a therapeutical approach for the recovery. This review has some limitations due to the small number of studies in this regard; therefore, we highlight the importance and the necessity of further investigation. No external funding was implicated in this systematical review.

Keywords

• progranulin
• inflammatory diseases
• rheumatoid arthritis
• lupus
• intervertebral disc disease