Whole-Genome Analysis of the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses Isolated from Influenza-like Illness Outpatients in Myanmar and Community-Acquired Oseltamivir-Resistant Strains Present from 2015 to 2019
Irina Chon,
Su Mon Kyaw Win,
Wint Wint Phyu,
Reiko Saito,
Yadanar Kyaw,
Nay Chi Win,
Di Ja Lasham,
Htay Htay Tin,
Tsutomu Tamura,
Teruhime Otoguro,
Keita Wagatsuma,
Yuyang Sun,
Jiaming Li,
Hisami Watanabe
Affiliations
Irina Chon
Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
Su Mon Kyaw Win
Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
Wint Wint Phyu
Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine, Magway 04012, Myanmar
Reiko Saito
Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
Yadanar Kyaw
Respiratory Medicine Department, Thingangyun Sanpya General Hospital, Yangon 110-71, Myanmar
Nay Chi Win
Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
Di Ja Lasham
Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
Htay Htay Tin
University of Medical Technology, Yangon 110-12, Myanmar
Tsutomu Tamura
Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
Teruhime Otoguro
Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
Keita Wagatsuma
Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
Yuyang Sun
Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
Jiaming Li
Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
Hisami Watanabe
Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
In this study, we describe the genetic characteristics of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strains detected in Myanmar from 2015 to 2019. Whole genomes from 60 A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolates were amplified using real-time polymerase chain reaction and successfully sequenced using the Illumina iSeq100 platforms. Eight individual phylogenetic trees were retrieved for each segment along with those of the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended Southern Hemisphere vaccine strains for the respective years. A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from 2015 were found to belong to clade 6B, those from 2016 to 6B.1, 2017 to 6B.1A, and 2019 to 6B.1A.5a, and were genetically distinct from the Southern Hemisphere vaccine strains for the respective seasons, A/California/7/2009 and A/Michigan/45/2015. We observed one virus with intra-subtype reassortment, collected in the 2015 season. Importantly, three viruses possessed the H275Y substitution in the neuraminidase protein, appearing to be community-acquired without the prior administration of neuraminidase inhibitors. These viruses exhibited highly reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir and peramivir. This study demonstrates the importance of monitoring genetic variations in influenza viruses that will contribute to the selection of global influenza vaccines.
