Efficiency (advantages) of ramipril in arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus from the point of view of evidence-based medicine

Abstract

AH and diabetes mellitus are comorbid diseases and are interconnected by general pathophysiological mechanisms of development, similar to cardiovascular complications. The presence of a close relationship between AH and diabetes mellitus is due to the importance of activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which underlies the remodeling of the cardiovascular sys­tem and the development of complications. According to modern clinical guidelines, ACE inhibitors are the drugs of choice in the treatment of AH in combination with diabetes mellitus. The use of ACE inhibitors in patients with AH and diabetes mellitus is accompanied by a reduction in the relative risk of cardiovascular outcomes and mortality. A scientific review of major clinical stud­ies with the results of efficacy of ACE inhibitor ramipril in patients with AH and diabetes mellitus is presented. Ramipril has a high affinity for ACE-1 and kinase II enzymes, pronounced clinical and organoprotective effects, proven to influence the prognosis. The HOPE study showed a 22% reduction in cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in high-risk patients treated with Ramipril (p < 0.001), and a 25% reduction in a subgroup of patients with diabetes mellitus. In a large retrospective cohort analysis, ramipril had a lower risk of mortality in patients with AH and diabetes mellitus compared to other ACE inhibitors (captopril, enalapril, fosinopril). In a number of studies (ATLANTIS, MICRO-HOPE, DIABHYCAR) in patients with diabetes mellitus and MAU, ramipril contributed to a significant slowdown of MAU progression and a significant regression of MAU, reducing the risk of diabetic nephropathy by 22%. This confirms the pronounced nephroprotective effect for primary and secondary nephropathy prevention. Several studies (AASK, HOPE, DREAM, ADaPT) using ramipril have shown a 17-36% reduction in the risk of the development of new cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Thus, the evidence on the efficacy of ramipril has allowed to expand indications for its use not only for cardiovascular diseases (AH, chronic heart failure, MI), but also for diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy, which significantly differs the drug from other ACE inhibitors.

Keywords

• arterial hypertension
• diabetes mellitus
• ace inhibitors
• ramipril
• cardiovascular outcome
• microalbuminuria
• diabetic nephropathy