Smoking relapse reasons among current smokers with previous cessation experience in Shanghai: A cross-sectional study

Abstract

Introduction Quitting smoking can lead to substantial health gains, even later in life. Many smokers who attempt to quit experience several relapses before achieving sustainable cessation. This study aims to ascertain the differences between quitters with short and long abstinence time and to explore relapse reasons among smokers with cessation experience in Shanghai. Methods From January to December 2022, 1745 current smokers were recruited in Minhang, Jiading, Qingpu and Songjiang districts of Shanghai. We used an electronic questionnaire to collect data. We implemented logistic regression for odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) calculation to explore factors associated with long cessation time among smokers with cessation experience of ≥3 months, ≥6 months, and ≥12 months. Results Of the 1745 smokers included, 1452 (83.2%) were males, with an average age of 44.2 years, and 48.0% (838/1745) had cessation experience but relapsed. Logistic regression indicated that smokers aged ≥45 years had a longer cessation duration (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=3.10; 95% CI: 1.97– 4.88). Moreover, longer cessation duration among smokers was positively associated with low education level of junior high or lower (AOR=2.30; 95% CI: 1.42–3.72) and senior high (AOR=2.19; 95% CI: 1.53–3.15), older age at first tobacco smoking (AOR=1.62; 95% CI: 1.1.16–2.25), but was negatively associated with longer smoking duration (AOR=0.67; 95% CI: 0.43–0.00) and higher smoking burden (AOR=0.44; 95% CI: 0.28–0.72). The main reasons for cessation relapse were social interaction needs (34.5%) and discomfort due to abstinence (29.1%). Conclusions The relapse rate was high among smokers even after 12 months of abstinence. Smokers with older age, lower education level, shorter smoking duration and lower tobacco burden had longer cessation duration. Social interaction needs and withdrawal symptoms were the main relapse reasons. It is highly recommended that health bureaux consistently conduct tobacco control initiatives to spread awareness about the detrimental effects of tobacco smoke and the advantages of quitting smoking, even after achieving cessation.

Keywords

• current smoker
• relapse
• smoking duration
• smoking burden
• smoking cessation