Bioprospective Role of <i>Ocimum sanctum</i> and <i>Solanum xanthocarpum</i> against Emerging Pathogen: <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> Subspecies <i>paratuberculosis</i>: A Review

Abstract

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a chronic, contagious, and typically life-threatening enteric disease of ruminants caused by a bacterium of the genus Mycobacterium, but it can also affect non-ruminant animals. MAP transmission occurs through the fecal–oral pathway in neonates and young animals. After infection, animals generate IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10, resulting in a Th2 response. Early detection of the disease is necessary to avoid its spread. Many detection methods, viz., staining, culture, and molecular methods, are available, and numerous vaccines and anti-tuberculosis drugs are used to control the disease. However, the prolonged use of anti-tuberculosis drugs leads to the development of resistance. Whereas vaccines hamper the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals in an endemic herd. This leads to the identification of plant-based bioactive compounds to treat the disease. Bioactive compounds of Ocimum sanctum and Solanum xanthocarpum have been evaluated for their anti-MAP activity. Based on the MIC50 values, Ursolic acid (12 µg/mL) and Solasodine (60 µg/mL) were found to be suitable for anti-MAP activity.

Keywords

• bioactive compounds
• <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subspecies <i>paratuberculosis</i> (MAP)
• <i>Solanum xanthocarpum</i>
• <i>Ocimum sanctum</i>
• diagnosis
• PCR