Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine Oil
Haizum Aimi Zaharin,
Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali,
Mohammad Khalid,
Thachnatharen Nagarajan,
Wong Weng Pin,
Farah Ezzah,
Ong Gerard,
Rashmi Walvekar,
Abdul Khaliq Rasheed
Affiliations
Haizum Aimi Zaharin
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
Mohammad Khalid
Graphene and Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
Thachnatharen Nagarajan
Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
Wong Weng Pin
Graphene and Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
Farah Ezzah
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
Ong Gerard
Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Rashmi Walvekar
Department Chemical Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
Abdul Khaliq Rasheed
Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ximen University Malaysia (XMUM), Sepang 43900, Malaysia
In today’s fast, globalised world, lubrication has become essential in enhancing engine efficiency, including in the marine sector. While the number of fishing vessels increased, so did the environmental pollution issues, due to inefficient engines. An outboard engine oil’s tribological, oxidation and thermal conductivity behaviour play a crucial role in improving the quality of an outboard engine’s life. In this research, Ti3C2Tx MXene nanoparticles with different interlayer spacing were synthesised via an advanced microwave–hydrothermal approach. Later, the nanoparticles were dispersed in TC-W outboard engine oil to formulate the Ti3C2Tx MXene nanolubricant with different concentrations. The results show that nanolubricant with a 0.01 wt.% Ti3C2Tx MXene concentration with higher interlayer spacing reduced the coefficient of friction, and the average wear scar diameter by 14.5% and 6.3%, respectively, compared to the base oil. Furthermore, the nanolubricant with a 0.01 wt.% concentration of the Ti3C2Tx MXene nanoparticle showed an improvement of 54.8% in oxidation induction time compared to the base oil. In addition, MXene nanolubricant established a more than 50% improvement in thermal conductivity compared to the base oil.
