Diagnostics (Aug 2024)
Exploring the Multifactorial Landscape of Penile Cancer: A Comprehensive Analysis of Risk Factors
- Ugo Amicuzi,
- Marco Grillo,
- Marco Stizzo,
- Michelangelo Olivetta,
- Simone Tammaro,
- Luigi Napolitano,
- Pasquale Reccia,
- Luigi De Luca,
- Andrea Rubinacci,
- Giampiero Della Rosa,
- Arturo Lecce,
- Paola Coppola,
- Salvatore Papi,
- Francesco Trama,
- Lorenzo Romano,
- Carmine Sciorio,
- Lorenzo Spirito,
- Felice Crocetto,
- Celeste Manfredi,
- Francesco Del Giudice,
- Matteo Ferro,
- Bernardo Rocco,
- Octavian Sabin Tataru,
- Raffaele Balsamo,
- Giuseppe Lucarelli,
- Dario Del Biondo,
- Biagio Barone
Affiliations
- Ugo Amicuzi
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, AORN Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Marco Grillo
- Department of Urology, Ospedale del Mare, ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy
- Marco Stizzo
- Urology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Michelangelo Olivetta
- Urology Unit, Gaetano Fucito Hospital, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, 84085 Mercato San Severino, Italy
- Simone Tammaro
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Luigi Napolitano
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Pasquale Reccia
- Urology Unit, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Luigi De Luca
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Multispecialty, AORN Antonio Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Andrea Rubinacci
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Giampiero Della Rosa
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Arturo Lecce
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Paola Coppola
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Salvatore Papi
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Francesco Trama
- Urology Complex Unit, ASL Napoli 2 Nord ‘Santa Maria delle Grazie’ Hospital, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Lorenzo Romano
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Carmine Sciorio
- Urology Unit, ASST Ospedale Manzoni, 23900 Lecco, Italy
- Lorenzo Spirito
- Urology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Felice Crocetto
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Celeste Manfredi
- Urology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Francesco Del Giudice
- Department of Urology, University Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Matteo Ferro
- 2nd Unit of Urology, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, ASST Santi Paolo and Carlo, Via A. Di Rudini 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Bernardo Rocco
- 2nd Unit of Urology, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, ASST Santi Paolo and Carlo, Via A. Di Rudini 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Octavian Sabin Tataru
- Department of Simulation Applied in Medicine, The Institution Organizing University Doctoral Studies (I.O.S.U.D.), George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences, and Technology from Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Raffaele Balsamo
- Urology Unit, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Giuseppe Lucarelli
- Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Dario Del Biondo
- Department of Urology, Ospedale del Mare, ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy
- Biagio Barone
- Department of Urology, Ospedale San Paolo, ASL NA1 Centro, 80125 Naples, Italy
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14161790
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 14,
no. 16
p. 1790
Abstract
Penile cancer, while rare, is a critical public health issue due to its profound impact on patients and the complexities of its management. The disease’s multifactorial etiology includes risk factors such as HPV infection, poor hygiene, smoking, genetic predispositions, and socioeconomic determinants. This article provides a comprehensive review and analysis of these diverse risk factors, aiming to enhance understanding of the disease’s underlying causes. By elucidating these factors, the article seeks to inform and improve prevention strategies, early detection methods, and therapeutic interventions. A nuanced grasp of the multifactorial nature of penile cancer can enable healthcare professionals to develop more effective approaches to reducing incidence rates and improving patient outcomes.
Keywords
