4‐Octyl itaconate inhibits inflammation via the NLRP3 pathway in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders

Abstract

Abstract Objective Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are rare inflammatory astrocytic diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). The roles of immune response gene‐1 (IRG1) and the IRG1–itaconic acid–NLRP3 inflammatory pathway in the pathogenesis of NMOSD and the effects of 4‐octyl itaconate (4‐OI) on the NLRP3 inflammatory pathway in NMOSD are unclear. This study aimed to determine the role of IRG1 and the activation status of the NLRP3 inflammatory pathway in acute‐onset NMOSD and to investigate the inhibitory effects of 4‐OI on NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the IRG1–itaconic acid–NLRP3 pathway in monocytes and macrophages by using in vitro models. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum were collected from patients with acute NMOSDs and healthy controls (HC), followed by monocyte typing and detection of the expression of NLRP3‐related inflammatory factors. Subsequently, the effects of 4‐OI on the IRG1–itaconic acid–NLRP3 pathway were investigated in peripheral monocytes from patients with NMOSD and in macrophages induced by human myeloid leukemia mononuclear cells (THP‐1 cells) via in vitro experiments. Results Patients with acute NMOSD exhibited upregulated IRG1 expression. In particular, the upregulation of the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and proinflammatory factors was notable in monocytes in acute NMOSD patients. 4‐OI inhibited the activation of the IRG1–itaconic acid–NLRP3 inflammatory pathway in the PBMCs of patients with NMOSD. Interpretation 4‐OI could effectively inhibit NLRP3 signaling, leading to the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production in patients with NMOSD‐derived PBMCs and in a human macrophage model. Thus, 4‐OI and itaconate could have important therapeutic value for the treatment of NMOSD in the future.