Non-occupational risk factors for bladder cancer

Abstract

More than 60 thousand new cases of bladder cancer are diagnosedeach year in the United States, accounting for approximately 13thousand deaths annually. In recent decades, the overall incidenceof bladder cancer seems to be rising and this may be due to thelatent effects of tobacco abuse, other non-occupational risk factors,industrial carcinogens, as well as the overall aging of our population.Cultural and socioeconomic factors also contribute substantially tothe etiology of bladder cancer and may play an even more importantrole than the occupational environment. In this paper, it is reviewedthe main established or proposed non-occupational factors associatedwith bladder cancer development.

Keywords

• Urinary bladder neoplasms
• Risk factors
• Epidemiology