Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic prospects of 4-aminobenzoic acid in neuropsychiatric disorders: a comprehensive review of neurotransmitter modulation, anti-inflammatory pathways, and antioxidant defense

Abstract

4-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA, para-aminobenzoic acid) exhibits multifaceted therapeutic potential in neuropsychiatric disorders through its roles in neurotransmitter modulation, anti-inflammatory action, and antioxidant defense. Experimental and clinical evidence demonstrates that PABA enhances serotonin and dopamine synthesis by activating key enzymes (e.g., tryptophan hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase), thereby stabilizing mood and improving cognitive function. Mechanistically, PABA suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and cytokine production (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α) while scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) to mitigate oxidative stress and protect neuronal integrity. Clinical studies indicate that PABA may synergize with traditional antidepressants by targeting serotonin reuptake transporters (SERT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO), offering improved outcomes in major depressive disorder. Despite promising results, further research is needed to optimize dosing regimens, validate long-term safety, and explore pharmacogenomic interactions. Crucially, experimental validation through cellular and animal models is required to substantiate PABA’s proposed mechanisms, particularly its regulation of NF-κB signaling and enzyme activity in neurotransmitter synthesis. This review underscores PABA’s potential as a neuroprotective agent and calls for integrated strategies to translate mechanistic insights into clinical applications for complex neurological conditions.

Keywords

• 4-aminobenzoic acid
• neuropsychiatric disorders
• molecular mechanisms
• neurotransmitters
• inflammatory response