St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology (Jul 2023)
Sacrifice and the Eucharist
Abstract
As the uniquely Christian form of worship, the Eucharist is studied by ‘systematic’ theologians in terms of its coherence with revelation as a whole, and by ‘dogmatic’ theologians in light of historic definitions that still impact the churches of today. Examination of ‘eucharistic sacrifice’ thus presents scholars and students with a cross section of systematic and dogmatic theology as practised within the church at large and among the still separated churches that comprise present-day Christianity. While few would deny connection between ‘Eucharist’ and ‘sacrifice’, historic language of ‘sacrifice’ concerning the central act of Christian worship has often been tantalisingly imprecise. This article explores the relation between the multifaceted phenomenon of sacrifice in Old Testament religion and its development in Jesus’ own understanding of his ministry and death, and in the New Testament church’s practice of the Eucharist. Having identified three distinct motifs of ‘eucharistic sacrifice’ (thanksgiving, sacrificial banquet, propitiatory sacrifice), the article examines their roots in the text of the New Testament and the ways in which they have taken form in the worship and theology of the church. The historical review that forms a major part of the article builds up to the sixteenth-century clash between Martin Luther (joined by all other contemporary Protestants) and the Roman Catholic Church. Moving back into ‘systematic’/’dogmatic’ gear, the question is raised whether the Orthodox account of the relation of Eucharist to sacrifice might supply a path towards overcoming sixteenth-century antinomies, leading to an examination of the treatment of this topic in historic and recent Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran theology. As the article deliberately adopts an eirenic approach to a long-controversial area of theology, its author admits that the material covered here still ignites strong passions within divided Christianity.
