Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes/Spherical Glassy Carbon as Environmentally Friendly Adsorption Materials Utilized in Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry for the Determination of Trace Amounts of Ga(III)

Abstract

This work presents a proposal for an adsorptive stripping voltammetric (AdSV) method for gallium(III) determination at an eco-friendly multiwall carbon nanotube/spherical glassy carbon (MWCNT/SGC) electrode modified with a lead film. The operational factors influencing the sensitivity of the AdSV procedure were thoroughly investigated, and their most favorable values were chosen (0.1 mol L−1 acetate buffer solution pH = 5.6; 7 × 10−5 mol L−1 Pb(II); 2 × 10−4 mol L−1 cupferron; potential/time of lead film formation: −1.9 V/30 s; potential/time of Ga(III)–cupferron adsorption: −0.75 V/30 s). The newly developed MWCNT/SGCE has proven to be a competitive substrate to the glassy carbon electrode to create a lead film electrode, since it allows the determination of gallium in a wider range of concentrations from 3 × 10−9 to 4 × 10−7 mol L−1 with a lower limit of detection equal to 9.5 × 10−10 mol L−1. The elaborated procedure has been shown to be highly selective and insensitive to the presence of an even 100-fold excess of most of the ions commonly found in environmental waters. The MWCNT/SGC sensor, which can maintain >95% of its original response after 70 days of use, has been successfully applied for the detection of gallium in water samples with the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging from 4.5% to 6.2% (n = 3) and recoveries in the range from 95.3% to 104.9%.

Keywords

• multiwall carbon nanotubes
• spherical glassy carbon
• lead film electrode
• adsorptive stripping voltammetry
• eco-friendly detection of gallium
• environmental water samples