Anti-cancer Evaluation of Depsides Isolated from Indonesian Folious Lichens: <i>Physcia millegrana</i>, <i>Parmelia dilatata</i> and <i>Parmelia aurulenta</i>
Ari Satia Nugraha,
Tinton Agung Laksono,
Lilla Nur Firli,
Chintya Permata Zahky Sukrisno Putri,
Dwi Koko Pratoko,
Zulfikar Zulfikar,
Ludmilla Fitri Untari,
Hendris Wongso,
Jacob M. Lambert,
Carolyn T. Dillon,
Paul A. Keller
Affiliations
Ari Satia Nugraha
Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
Tinton Agung Laksono
Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
Lilla Nur Firli
Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
Chintya Permata Zahky Sukrisno Putri
Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
Dwi Koko Pratoko
Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
Zulfikar Zulfikar
Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
Ludmilla Fitri Untari
School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Hendris Wongso
School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
Jacob M. Lambert
School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
Carolyn T. Dillon
School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
Paul A. Keller
School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
Cancer is a serious health burden on global societies. The discovery and development of new anti-cancer therapies remains a challenging objective. Although it has been shown that lichen secondary metabolites may be potent sources for new anti-cancer agents, the Indonesian- grown folious lichens, Physcia millegrana, Parmelia dilatata and Parmeila aurulenta, have not yet been explored. In this study exhaustive preparative high-performance liquid chromatography was employed to isolate the lichen constituents with spectroscopic and spectrometric protocols identifying nine depsides 9–17, including the new methyl 4-formyl-2,3-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate 13. The cytotoxicity of the depsides towards cancer cells was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results indicated lowest toxicity of the depsides towards human A549 lung cancer cells. Importantly, the di-depsides (11, 12 and 17) showed greatest toxicity, indicating that these structures are biologically more active than the mono-depsides against the HepG2 liver cancer, A549 lung cancer and HL-60 leukemia cell lines.
