Towards Embedded Electrochemical Sensors for On-Site Nitrite Detection by Gold Nanoparticles Modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrodes
Anurag Adiraju,
Rohan Munjal,
Christian Viehweger,
Ammar Al-Hamry,
Amina Brahem,
Jawaid Hussain,
Sanhith Kommisetty,
Aditya Jalasutram,
Christoph Tegenkamp,
Olfa Kanoun
Affiliations
Anurag Adiraju
Chair Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
Rohan Munjal
Chair Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
Christian Viehweger
Chair Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
Ammar Al-Hamry
Chair Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
Amina Brahem
Chair Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
Jawaid Hussain
Chair Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
Sanhith Kommisetty
Chair Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
Aditya Jalasutram
Chair Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
Christoph Tegenkamp
Analysis of Solid Surfaces, Institute for Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
Olfa Kanoun
Chair Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
The transition of electrochemical sensors from lab-based measurements to real-time analysis requires special attention to different aspects in addition to the classical development of new sensing materials. Several critical challenges need to be addressed including a reproducible fabrication procedure, stability, lifetime, and development of cost-effective sensor electronics. In this paper, we address these aspects exemplarily for a nitrite sensor. An electrochemical sensor has been developed using one-step electrodeposited (Ed) gold nanoparticles (EdAu) for the detection of nitrite in water, which shows a low limit of detection of 0.38 µM and excellent analytical capabilities in groundwater. Experimental investigations with 10 realized sensors show a very high reproducibility enabling mass production. A comprehensive investigation of the sensor drift by calendar and cyclic aging was carried out for 160 cycles to assess the stability of the electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows significant changes with increasing aging inferring the deterioration of the electrode surface. To enable on-site measurements outside the laboratory, a compact and cost-effective wireless potentiostat combining cyclic and square wave voltammetry, and EIS capabilities has been designed and validated. The implemented methodology in this study builds a basis for the development of further on-site distributed electrochemical sensor networks.
