The Astrophysical Journal Letters (Jan 2023)
First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IX. Detection of Near-horizon Circular Polarization
- The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration,
- Kazunori Akiyama,
- Antxon Alberdi,
- Walter Alef,
- Juan Carlos Algaba,
- Richard Anantua,
- Keiichi Asada,
- Rebecca Azulay,
- Uwe Bach,
- Anne-Kathrin Baczko,
- David Ball,
- Mislav Baloković,
- John Barrett,
- Michi Bauböck,
- Bradford A. Benson,
- Dan Bintley,
- Lindy Blackburn,
- Raymond Blundell,
- Katherine L. Bouman,
- Geoffrey C. Bower,
- Hope Boyce,
- Michael Bremer,
- Christiaan D. Brinkerink,
- Roger Brissenden,
- Silke Britzen,
- Avery E. Broderick,
- Dominique Broguiere,
- Thomas Bronzwaer,
- Sandra Bustamante,
- Do-Young Byun,
- John E. Carlstrom,
- Chiara Ceccobello,
- Andrew Chael,
- Chi-kwan Chan,
- Dominic O. Chang,
- Koushik Chatterjee,
- Shami Chatterjee,
- Ming-Tang Chen,
- Yongjun Chen,
- Xiaopeng Cheng,
- Ilje Cho,
- Pierre Christian,
- Nicholas S. Conroy,
- John E. Conway,
- James M. Cordes,
- Thomas M. Crawford,
- Geoffrey B. Crew,
- Alejandro Cruz-Osorio,
- Yuzhu Cui,
- Rohan Dahale,
- Jordy Davelaar,
- Mariafelicia De Laurentis,
- Roger Deane,
- Jessica Dempsey,
- Gregory Desvignes,
- Jason Dexter,
- Vedant Dhruv,
- Sheperd S. Doeleman,
- Sean Dougal,
- Sergio A. Dzib,
- Ralph P. Eatough,
- Razieh Emami,
- Heino Falcke,
- Joseph Farah,
- Vincent L. Fish,
- Ed Fomalont,
- H. Alyson Ford,
- Marianna Foschi,
- Raquel Fraga-Encinas,
- William T. Freeman,
- Per Friberg,
- Christian M. Fromm,
- Antonio Fuentes,
- Peter Galison,
- Charles F. Gammie,
- Roberto García,
- Olivier Gentaz,
- Boris Georgiev,
- Ciriaco Goddi,
- Roman Gold,
- Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz,
- José L. Gómez,
- Minfeng Gu,
- Mark Gurwell,
- Kazuhiro Hada,
- Daryl Haggard,
- Kari Haworth,
- Michael H. Hecht,
- Ronald Hesper,
- Dirk Heumann,
- Luis C. Ho,
- Paul Ho,
- Mareki Honma,
- Chih-Wei L. Huang,
- Lei Huang,
- David H. Hughes,
- Shiro Ikeda,
- C. M. Violette Impellizzeri,
- Makoto Inoue,
- Sara Issaoun,
- David J. James,
- Buell T. Jannuzi,
- Michael Janssen,
- Britton Jeter,
- Wu Jiang,
- Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales,
- Michael D. Johnson,
- Svetlana Jorstad,
- Abhishek V. Joshi,
- Taehyun Jung,
- Mansour Karami,
- Ramesh Karuppusamy,
- Tomohisa Kawashima,
- Garrett K. Keating,
- Mark Kettenis,
- Dong-Jin Kim,
- Jae-Young Kim,
- Jongsoo Kim,
- Junhan Kim,
- Motoki Kino,
- Jun Yi Koay,
- Prashant Kocherlakota,
- Yutaro Kofuji,
- Patrick M. Koch,
- Shoko Koyama,
- Carsten Kramer,
- Joana A. Kramer,
- Michael Kramer,
- Thomas P. Krichbaum,
- Cheng-Yu Kuo,
- Noemi La Bella,
- Tod R. Lauer,
- Daeyoung Lee,
- Sang-Sung Lee,
- Po Kin Leung,
- Aviad Levis,
- Zhiyuan Li,
- Rocco Lico,
- Greg Lindahl,
- Michael Lindqvist,
- Mikhail Lisakov,
- Jun Liu,
- Kuo Liu,
- Elisabetta Liuzzo,
- Wen-Ping Lo,
- Andrei P. Lobanov,
- Laurent Loinard,
- Colin J. Lonsdale,
- Amy E. Lowitz,
- Ru-Sen Lu,
- Nicholas R. MacDonald,
- Jirong Mao,
- Nicola Marchili,
- Sera Markoff,
- Daniel P. Marrone,
- Alan P. Marscher,
- Iván Martí-Vidal,
- Satoki Matsushita,
- Lynn D. Matthews,
- Lia Medeiros,
- Karl M. Menten,
- Daniel Michalik,
- Izumi Mizuno,
- Yosuke Mizuno,
- James M. Moran,
- Kotaro Moriyama,
- Monika Moscibrodzka,
- Wanga Mulaudzi,
- Cornelia Müller,
- Hendrik Müller,
- Alejandro Mus,
- Gibwa Musoke,
- Ioannis Myserlis,
- Andrew Nadolski,
- Hiroshi Nagai,
- Neil M. Nagar,
- Masanori Nakamura,
- Ramesh Narayan,
- Gopal Narayanan,
- Iniyan Natarajan,
- Antonios Nathanail,
- Santiago Navarro Fuentes,
- Joey Neilsen,
- Roberto Neri,
- Chunchong Ni,
- Aristeidis Noutsos,
- Michael A. Nowak,
- Junghwan Oh,
- Hiroki Okino,
- Héctor Olivares,
- Gisela N. Ortiz-León,
- Tomoaki Oyama,
- Feryal Özel,
- Daniel C. M. Palumbo,
- Georgios Filippos Paraschos,
- Jongho Park,
- Harriet Parsons,
- Nimesh Patel,
- Ue-Li Pen,
- Dominic W. Pesce,
- Vincent Piétu,
- Richard Plambeck,
- Aleksandar PopStefanija,
- Oliver Porth,
- Felix M. Pötzl,
- Ben Prather,
- Jorge A. Preciado-López,
- Dimitrios Psaltis,
- Hung-Yi Pu,
- Venkatessh Ramakrishnan,
- Ramprasad Rao,
- Mark G. Rawlings,
- Alexander W. Raymond,
- Luciano Rezzolla,
- Angelo Ricarte,
- Bart Ripperda,
- Freek Roelofs,
- Alan Rogers,
- Cristina Romero-Cañizales,
- Eduardo Ros,
- Arash Roshanineshat,
- Helge Rottmann,
- Alan L. Roy,
- Ignacio Ruiz,
- Chet Ruszczyk,
- Kazi L. J. Rygl,
- Salvador Sánchez,
- David Sánchez-Argüelles,
- Miguel Sánchez-Portal,
- Mahito Sasada,
- Kaushik Satapathy,
- Tuomas Savolainen,
- F. Peter Schloerb,
- Jonathan Schonfeld,
- Karl-Friedrich Schuster,
- Lijing Shao,
- Zhiqiang Shen,
- Des Small,
- Bong Won Sohn,
- Jason SooHoo,
- León David Sosapanta Salas,
- Kamal Souccar,
- He Sun,
- Fumie Tazaki,
- Alexandra J. Tetarenko,
- Paul Tiede,
- Remo P. J. Tilanus,
- Michael Titus,
- Pablo Torne,
- Teresa Toscano,
- Efthalia Traianou,
- Tyler Trent,
- Sascha Trippe,
- Matthew Turk,
- Ilse van Bemmel,
- Huib Jan van Langevelde,
- Daniel R. van Rossum,
- Jesse Vos,
- Jan Wagner,
- Derek Ward-Thompson,
- John Wardle,
- Jasmin E. Washington,
- Jonathan Weintroub,
- Robert Wharton,
- Maciek Wielgus,
- Kaj Wiik,
- Gunther Witzel,
- Michael F. Wondrak,
- George N. Wong,
- Qingwen Wu,
- Nitika Yadlapalli,
- Paul Yamaguchi,
- Aristomenis Yfantis,
- Doosoo Yoon,
- André Young,
- Ken Young,
- Ziri Younsi,
- Wei Yu,
- Feng Yuan,
- Ye-Fei Yuan,
- J. Anton Zensus,
- Shuo Zhang,
- Guang-Yao Zhao,
- Shan-Shan Zhao
Affiliations
- The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
- Kazunori Akiyama
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Antxon Alberdi
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
- Walter Alef
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Juan Carlos Algaba
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Richard Anantua
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Keiichi Asada
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Rebecca Azulay
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
- Uwe Bach
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Anne-Kathrin Baczko
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden
- David Ball
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Mislav Baloković
- ORCiD
- Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Yale University, 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- John Barrett
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Michi Bauböck
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Bradford A. Benson
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Dan Bintley
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Lindy Blackburn
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Raymond Blundell
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Katherine L. Bouman
- ORCiD
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Geoffrey C. Bower
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2505 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Hope Boyce
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada; Trottier Space Institute at McGill, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada
- Michael Bremer
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Christiaan D. Brinkerink
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Roger Brissenden
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Silke Britzen
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Avery E. Broderick
- ORCiD
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Dominique Broguiere
- ORCiD
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Thomas Bronzwaer
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Sandra Bustamante
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Do-Young Byun
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- John E. Carlstrom
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Chiara Ceccobello
- ORCiD
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden
- Andrew Chael
- ORCiD
- Princeton Gravity Initiative, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Chi-kwan Chan
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Data Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Dominic O. Chang
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Koushik Chatterjee
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Shami Chatterjee
- ORCiD
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Ming-Tang Chen
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Yongjun Chen
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Xiaopeng Cheng
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Ilje Cho
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
- Pierre Christian
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, Fairfield University, 1073 North Benson Road, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA
- Nicholas S. Conroy
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- John E. Conway
- ORCiD
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden
- James M. Cordes
- ORCiD
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Thomas M. Crawford
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Geoffrey B. Crew
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Alejandro Cruz-Osorio
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo Postal 70-264, Ciudad de México, México; Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Yuzhu Cui
- ORCiD
- Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, People's Republic of China; Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shengrong Road 520, Shanghai, 201210, People’s Republic of China
- Rohan Dahale
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
- Jordy Davelaar
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Astronomy and Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA; Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Mariafelicia De Laurentis
- ORCiD
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini,” Università di Napoli “Federico II,” Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy; INFN Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
- Roger Deane
- ORCiD
- Wits Centre for Astrophysics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
- Jessica Dempsey
- ORCiD
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Gregory Desvignes
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France
- Jason Dexter
- ORCiD
- JILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Vedant Dhruv
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Sheperd S. Doeleman
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Sean Dougal
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Sergio A. Dzib
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Ralph P. Eatough
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
- Razieh Emami
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Heino Falcke
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Joseph Farah
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Vincent L. Fish
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Ed Fomalont
- ORCiD
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- H. Alyson Ford
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Marianna Foschi
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
- Raquel Fraga-Encinas
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- William T. Freeman
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32-D476, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Google Research, 355 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Per Friberg
- ORCiD
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Christian M. Fromm
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Antonio Fuentes
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
- Peter Galison
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Charles F. Gammie
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; NCSA, University of Illinois, 1205 W. Clark St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Roberto García
- ORCiD
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Olivier Gentaz
- ORCiD
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Boris Georgiev
- ORCiD
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Ciriaco Goddi
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, R. do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, SP Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy; INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius (CA), Italy; INFN, sezione di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
- Roman Gold
- ORCiD
- CP3-Origins, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz
- ORCiD
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologìa, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940, Ciudad de México, México
- José L. Gómez
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
- Minfeng Gu
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- Mark Gurwell
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Kazuhiro Hada
- ORCiD
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Daryl Haggard
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada; Trottier Space Institute at McGill, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada
- Kari Haworth
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Michael H. Hecht
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Ronald Hesper
- ORCiD
- NOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
- Dirk Heumann
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Luis C. Ho
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- Paul Ho
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Mareki Honma
- ORCiD
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Chih-Wei L. Huang
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Lei Huang
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- David H. Hughes
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México
- Shiro Ikeda
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8562, Japan; Department of Statistical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8583, Japan
- C. M. Violette Impellizzeri
- ORCiD
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Makoto Inoue
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Sara Issaoun
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- David J. James
- ORCiD
- ASTRAVEO LLC, P.O. Box 1668, Gloucester, MA 01931, USA; Applied Materials Inc., 35 Dory Road, Gloucester, MA 01930, USA
- Buell T. Jannuzi
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Michael Janssen
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Britton Jeter
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Wu Jiang
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Michael D. Johnson
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Svetlana Jorstad
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Abhishek V. Joshi
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Taehyun Jung
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Mansour Karami
- ORCiD
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Ramesh Karuppusamy
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Tomohisa Kawashima
- ORCiD
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
- Garrett K. Keating
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Mark Kettenis
- ORCiD
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Dong-Jin Kim
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Jae-Young Kim
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Department of Astronomy and Atmospheric Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
- Jongsoo Kim
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Junhan Kim
- ORCiD
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Motoki Kino
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Kogakuin University of Technology & Engineering, Academic Support Center, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
- Jun Yi Koay
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Prashant Kocherlakota
- ORCiD
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Yutaro Kofuji
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Patrick M. Koch
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Shoko Koyama
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- Carsten Kramer
- ORCiD
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Joana A. Kramer
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Michael Kramer
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Thomas P. Krichbaum
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Cheng-Yu Kuo
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Physics Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaosiung City 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Noemi La Bella
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Tod R. Lauer
- ORCiD
- National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Daeyoung Lee
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Sang-Sung Lee
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Po Kin Leung
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
- Aviad Levis
- ORCiD
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Zhiyuan Li
- ORCiD
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
- Rocco Lico
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain; INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Greg Lindahl
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Michael Lindqvist
- ORCiD
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden
- Mikhail Lisakov
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Jun Liu
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Kuo Liu
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Elisabetta Liuzzo
- ORCiD
- INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia & Italian ALMA Regional Centre, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Wen-Ping Lo
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Andrei P. Lobanov
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Laurent Loinard
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo Postal 70-264, Ciudad de México, México; Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58089, México
- Colin J. Lonsdale
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Amy E. Lowitz
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Ru-Sen Lu
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Nicholas R. MacDonald
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Jirong Mao
- ORCiD
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China; Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Nicola Marchili
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia & Italian ALMA Regional Centre, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Sera Markoff
- ORCiD
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam (GRAPPA) Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Daniel P. Marrone
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Alan P. Marscher
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Iván Martí-Vidal
- ORCiD
- Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
- Satoki Matsushita
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Lynn D. Matthews
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Lia Medeiros
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Karl M. Menten
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Daniel Michalik
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Science Support Office, Directorate of Science, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
- Izumi Mizuno
- ORCiD
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Yosuke Mizuno
- ORCiD
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shengrong Road 520, Shanghai, 201210, People’s Republic of China; Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, Spain
- James M. Moran
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Kotaro Moriyama
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA; Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
- Monika Moscibrodzka
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Wanga Mulaudzi
- ORCiD
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cornelia Müller
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Hendrik Müller
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Alejandro Mus
- ORCiD
- Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
- Gibwa Musoke
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Ioannis Myserlis
- ORCiD
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People’s Republic of China
- Andrew Nadolski
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Hiroshi Nagai
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Neil M. Nagar
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- Masanori Nakamura
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, 16-1 Uwanotai, Tamonoki, Hachinohe City, Aomori 039-1192, Japan
- Ramesh Narayan
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Gopal Narayanan
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Iniyan Natarajan
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Antonios Nathanail
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Research Center for Astronomy, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- Santiago Navarro Fuentes
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, Spain
- Joey Neilsen
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
- Roberto Neri
- ORCiD
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Chunchong Ni
- ORCiD
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Aristeidis Noutsos
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Michael A. Nowak
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, Washington University, CB 1105, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Junghwan Oh
- ORCiD
- Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hiroki Okino
- ORCiD
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Héctor Olivares
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Gisela N. Ortiz-León
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México
- Tomoaki Oyama
- ORCiD
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
- Feryal Özel
- ORCiD
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State St. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Daniel C. M. Palumbo
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Georgios Filippos Paraschos
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Jongho Park
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Space Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
- Harriet Parsons
- ORCiD
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Nimesh Patel
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Ue-Li Pen
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada; Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada; Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 180 Dundas St. W, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada
- Dominic W. Pesce
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Vincent Piétu
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Richard Plambeck
- ORCiD
- Radio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Aleksandar PopStefanija
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Oliver Porth
- ORCiD
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Felix M. Pötzl
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, Voutes, 7110 Heraklion, Greece
- Ben Prather
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Jorge A. Preciado-López
- ORCiD
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
- Dimitrios Psaltis
- ORCiD
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State St. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Hung-Yi Pu
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Tingzhou Rd., Taipei 116, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Center of Astronomy and Gravitation, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Tingzhou Road, Taipei 116, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Venkatessh Ramakrishnan
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile; Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland; Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
- Ramprasad Rao
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Mark G. Rawlings
- ORCiD
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; Gemini Observatory/NSF NOIRLab, 670 N. A’ohōkū Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Alexander W. Raymond
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Luciano Rezzolla
- ORCiD
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth-Moufang-Strasse 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany; School of Mathematics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Angelo Ricarte
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Bart Ripperda
- ORCiD
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada; Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada; Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
- Freek Roelofs
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Alan Rogers
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Cristina Romero-Cañizales
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Eduardo Ros
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Arash Roshanineshat
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Helge Rottmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Alan L. Roy
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Ignacio Ruiz
- ORCiD
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, Spain
- Chet Ruszczyk
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Kazi L. J. Rygl
- ORCiD
- INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia & Italian ALMA Regional Centre, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Salvador Sánchez
- ORCiD
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, Spain
- David Sánchez-Argüelles
- ORCiD
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologìa, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940, Ciudad de México, México
- Miguel Sánchez-Portal
- ORCiD
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, Spain
- Mahito Sasada
- ORCiD
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan; Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- Kaushik Satapathy
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Tuomas Savolainen
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland; Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- F. Peter Schloerb
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Jonathan Schonfeld
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Karl-Friedrich Schuster
- ORCiD
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Lijing Shao
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- Zhiqiang Shen
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Des Small
- ORCiD
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Bong Won Sohn
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Jason SooHoo
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- León David Sosapanta Salas
- ORCiD
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Kamal Souccar
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- He Sun
- ORCiD
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China; College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- Fumie Tazaki
- ORCiD
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
- Alexandra J. Tetarenko
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Paul Tiede
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Remo P. J. Tilanus
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Postbus 93138, 2509 AC Den Haag, The Netherlands
- Michael Titus
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Pablo Torne
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, Spain
- Teresa Toscano
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
- Efthalia Traianou
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Tyler Trent
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Sascha Trippe
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Matthew Turk
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Ilse van Bemmel
- ORCiD
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Huib Jan van Langevelde
- ORCiD
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands; University of New Mexico, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Daniel R. van Rossum
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Jesse Vos
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Jan Wagner
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Derek Ward-Thompson
- ORCiD
- Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
- John Wardle
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
- Jasmin E. Washington
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Jonathan Weintroub
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Robert Wharton
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Maciek Wielgus
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Kaj Wiik
- ORCiD
- Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Finland
- Gunther Witzel
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Michael F. Wondrak
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Excellence Fellow of Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- George N. Wong
- ORCiD
- Princeton Gravity Initiative, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Qingwen Wu
- ORCiD
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People’s Republic of China
- Nitika Yadlapalli
- ORCiD
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Paul Yamaguchi
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Aristomenis Yfantis
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Doosoo Yoon
- ORCiD
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- André Young
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Ken Young
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Ziri Younsi
- ORCiD
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK
- Wei Yu
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Feng Yuan
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Ye-Fei Yuan
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
- J. Anton Zensus
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Shuo Zhang
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Rd., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Guang-Yao Zhao
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
- Shan-Shan Zhao
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acff70
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 957,
no. 2
p. L20
Abstract
Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations have revealed a bright ring of emission around the supermassive black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy. EHT images in linear polarization have further identified a coherent spiral pattern around the black hole, produced from ordered magnetic fields threading the emitting plasma. Here we present the first analysis of circular polarization using EHT data, acquired in 2017, which can potentially provide additional insights into the magnetic fields and plasma composition near the black hole. Interferometric closure quantities provide convincing evidence for the presence of circularly polarized emission on event-horizon scales. We produce images of the circular polarization using both traditional and newly developed methods. All methods find a moderate level of resolved circular polarization across the image (〈∣ v ∣〉 < 3.7%), consistent with the low image-integrated circular polarization fraction measured by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (∣ v _int ∣ < 1%). Despite this broad agreement, the methods show substantial variation in the morphology of the circularly polarized emission, indicating that our conclusions are strongly dependent on the imaging assumptions because of the limited baseline coverage, uncertain telescope gain calibration, and weakly polarized signal. We include this upper limit in an updated comparison to general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulation models. This analysis reinforces the previously reported preference for magnetically arrested accretion flow models. We find that most simulations naturally produce a low level of circular polarization consistent with our upper limit and that Faraday conversion is likely the dominant production mechanism for circular polarization at 230 GHz in M87*.
Keywords
- Polarimetry
- Galaxies
- Supermassive black holes
- Very long baseline interferometry
- Low-luminosity active galactic nuclei
