Advancements in hydrogel‐based embolic agents: Categorized by therapeutic mechanisms

Abstract

Abstract Background Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) is a crucial technique in interventional radiology. Hydrogel‐based embolic agents show promise due to their phase transition and drug‐loading capabilities. However, existing categorizations of these agents are confusing. Aims This review tackles the challenge of categorizing hydrogel‐based embolic agents based on their therapeutic mechanisms, including transportation, accumulation, interaction, and elimination. It also addresses current challenges and controversies in the field while highlighting future directions for hydrogel‐based embolicagents. Materials and Methods We conducted a systematic review of papers published in PUBMED from 2004 to 2024, focusing primarily on preclinical trials. Results Various kinds of hydrogel embolic agents were introduced according to their therapeutic mechanisms. Discussion Most hydrogel embolic agents were specifically designed for effective accumulation and interaction. Recent advancement highlight the potential of multifunctional hydrogel embolic agents. Conclusion This new categorizations provided valuable insights into hydrogel embolic agents, potentially guiding material scientists and interventional radiologists in the development of novel hydrogel embolic agents in transarterial embolization.

Keywords

• embolic agents
• hydrogels
• instrumentation
• interventional radiology
• therapeutic embolization