From Annular to Toroidal Pseudo Knots

Abstract

In this paper, we extend the theory of planar pseudo knots to the theories of annular and toroidal pseudo knots. Pseudo knots are defined as equivalence classes under Reidemeister-like moves of knot diagrams characterized by crossings with undefined over/under information. In the theories of annular and toroidal pseudo knots, we introduce their respective lifts to the solid and the thickened torus. Then, we interlink these theories by representing annular and toroidal pseudo knots as planar O-mixed and H-mixed pseudo links. We also explore the inclusion relations between planar, annular and toroidal pseudo knots, as well as of O-mixed and H-mixed pseudo links. Finally, we extend the planar weighted resolution set to annular and toroidal pseudo knots, defining new invariants for classifying pseudo knots and links in the solid and in the thickened torus.

Keywords

• pseudo knots
• annulus
• torus
• solid torus
• thickened torus
• pseudo knot isotopy