Vaginal examinations and mistreatment of women during facility-based childbirth in health facilities: secondary analysis of labour observations in Ghana, Guinea and Nigeria

• Özge Tunçalp,
• Joshua P Vogel,
• Ernest Maya,
• Richard Adanu,
• Mamadou Dioulde Balde,
• Hedieh Mehrtash,
• Meghan A Bohren,
• Theresa Azonima Irinyenikan,
• Kwame Adu-Bonsaffoh,
• Adeniyi Kolade Aderoba,
• Chris Guure

Affiliations

Özge Tunçalp

3 UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Joshua P Vogel

Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Ernest Maya

Department of Population, Family & Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana

Richard Adanu

Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Accra, Ghana

Mamadou Dioulde Balde

Cellulle de Recherche en Sante de la Reproduction en Guinee (CERREGUI), Conakry, Guinea

Hedieh Mehrtash

Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA

Meghan A Bohren

11 Gender and Women`s Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Theresa Azonima Irinyenikan

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria

Kwame Adu-Bonsaffoh

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana

Adeniyi Kolade Aderoba

7 Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mother and Child Hospital Akure, Akure, Ondo, Nigeria

Chris Guure

Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana