PLoS ONE (Jan 2016)

National Outbreak of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Heidelberg Infections Linked to a Single Poultry Company.

  • Laura Gieraltowski,
  • Jeffrey Higa,
  • Vi Peralta,
  • Alice Green,
  • Colin Schwensohn,
  • Hilary Rosen,
  • Tanya Libby,
  • Bonnie Kissler,
  • Nicola Marsden-Haug,
  • Hillary Booth,
  • Akiko Kimura,
  • Julian Grass,
  • Amelia Bicknese,
  • Beth Tolar,
  • Stephanie Defibaugh-Chávez,
  • Ian Williams,
  • Matthew Wise,
  • Salmonella Heidelberg Investigation Team

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162369
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 11, no. 9
p. e0162369

Abstract

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IMPORTANCE:This large outbreak of foodborne salmonellosis demonstrated the complexity of investigating outbreaks linked to poultry products. The outbreak also highlighted the importance of efforts to strengthen food safety policies related to Salmonella in chicken parts and has implications for future changes within the poultry industry. OBJECTIVE:To investigate a large multistate outbreak of multidrug resistant Salmonella Heidelberg infections. DESIGN:Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations of patients infected with the outbreak strains of Salmonella Heidelberg and traceback of possible food exposures. SETTING:United States. Outbreak period was March 1, 2013 through July 11, 2014. PATIENTS:A case was defined as illness in a person infected with a laboratory-confirmed Salmonella Heidelberg with 1 of 7 outbreak pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) XbaI patterns with illness onset from March 1, 2013 through July 11, 2014. A total of 634 case-patients were identified through passive surveillance; 200/528 (38%) were hospitalized, none died. RESULTS:Interviews were conducted with 435 case-patients: 371 (85%) reported eating any chicken in the 7 days before becoming ill. Of 273 case-patients interviewed with a focused questionnaire, 201 (74%) reported eating chicken prepared at home. Among case-patients with available brand information, 152 (87%) of 175 patients reported consuming Company A brand chicken. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was completed on 69 clinical isolates collected from case-patients; 67% were drug resistant, including 24 isolates (35%) that were multidrug resistant. The source of Company A brand chicken consumed by case-patients was traced back to 3 California production establishments from which 6 of 7 outbreak strains were isolated. CONCLUSIONS:Epidemiologic, laboratory, traceback, and environmental investigations conducted by local, state, and federal public health and regulatory officials indicated that consumption of Company A chicken was the cause of this outbreak. The outbreak involved multiple PFGE patterns, a variety of chicken products, and 3 production establishments, suggesting a reservoir for contamination upstream from the production establishments. Sources of bacteria and genes responsible for resistance, such as farms providing birds for slaughter or environmental reservoir on farms that raise chickens, might explain how multiple PFGE patterns were linked to chicken from 3 separate production establishments and many different poultry products.