Discrepancy in assimilated atmospheric CO over East Asia in 2015–2020 by assimilating satellite and surface CO measurements

Abstract

Satellite and surface carbon monoxide (CO) observations have been widely used to investigate the sources and variabilities of atmospheric CO. However, comparative analyses to explore the effects of satellite and surface measurements on atmospheric CO assimilations are still lacking. Here we investigate the assimilated atmospheric CO over East Asia in 2015–2020, via assimilating CO measurements from the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument and Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China (MEE) monitoring network. We find noticeable inconsistencies in the assimilations: the adjusted CO columns (Xco) are about 162, 173 and 172 ppb by assimilating surface CO measurements, in contrast to 138–144, 149–155 and 144–151 ppb by assimilating MOPITT CO observations over East China, the North China Plain (NCP), and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), respectively. These inconsistencies could be associated with possible representation errors due to differences between urban and regional CO backgrounds. Furthermore, the adjusted surface CO concentrations are about 631, 806, and 657 ppb by assimilating surface CO measurements, in contrast to 418–427, 627–639 and 500–509 ppb by assimilating MOPITT CO observations over East China, NCP, and YRD, respectively; assimilations of normalized surface CO measurements (to mitigate the influences of representation errors) indicate declines of CO columns by about 2.2, 2.1, and 1.8 ppb yr−1, in contrast to 0.63–0.86, 0.97–1.29, and 1.0–1.27 ppb yr−1 by assimilating MOPITT CO measurements over East China, South Korea, and Japan, respectively. These discrepancies reflect the different vertical sensitivities of satellite and surface observations in the lower and free troposphere. This work demonstrates the importance of integrating information from satellite and surface measurements to provide a more accurate evaluation of atmospheric CO changes.