A Systematic Approach to Optimise the Number of Beams for Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy in Pituitary Adenoma using Radiobiological Parameters

Abstract

Introduction: The number of beams used in a Radiotherapy (RT) plan effects the overall quality of the plan and hence the treatment. The inclusion of radiobiological concepts in finding the optimum number of beams for a particular planning technique has the potential to provide a step ahead of the routine clinical practice where clinical decisions are more dependent on the physical dose parameters. Aim: To optimise the number of beams for Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) plan based on Tumour Control Probability (TCP) and Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) biological parameters. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was done on 30 patients with pituitary macro-adenoma who underwent radiotherapy with a prescribed dose of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions in Delhi State Cancer Institutes, Delhi, India from December 2012 to August 2018. The study data was collected and analysed between June 2018 and April 2020. These patients were treated with step and shoot IMRT technique on ONCORTM Expression linear accelerator (Siemens Healthineers, USA). But, the number of beams used to deliver IMRT plans were different as decided by the medical physicist and hence planner dependent rather than the disease. Being a centrally located disease, a symmetric beam arrangement was adopted for IMRT planning. For dosimetric comparison, three IMRT plans with five, seven, and nine equispaced beams were generated in Monaco treatment planning system for each patient and thus, a total of 90 IMRT plans were created and evaluated. For fair comparison, same IMRT planning parameters were utilised in all three plans of each patient. Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation algorithm was used for all the plans. Resulting Cumulative Dose Volume Histograms (CDVHs) were exported to MATLAB, where these cDVHs were processed as per Niemierko’s radiobiological model to calculate the values of TCP and NTCP based on the Equivalent Uniform Dose (EUD). After this, the analysis of variance, ANOVA test was conducted over the resulting values of EUD, TCP, and NTCP to assess the difference of quality among plans having different beam arrangements at 0.05 level of significance. Results: The mean tumour control probability (TCP) for IMRT plans with seven and nine beams were found to be 89.0±0.8% and 89.1±0.9% respectively for planning target volume (PTV). These values were not significantly different from each other. However, the mean TCP value for IMRT plans with five beams was found to be 88.4±1.1% for PTV. Further, this TCP value was proved to be significantly lower as compared to IMRT plans with seven and nine beams with a p-value of 0.008 and 0.004, respectively. On the other hand, the mean Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) was assessed to be less than 1% for all critical organs irrespective of the beam arrangement, indicating almost no probability of radiation induced toxicity in any of the organ. Conclusion: This study concludes that the plan efficiency can be improved by using optimum number of beams for IMRT planning of pituitary adenoma.

Keywords

• beam number optimisation
• dose escalation
• equivalent uniform dose
• normal tissue complication probability
• tumour control probability