Endocrine and metabolic late effects following cancer treatment: challenges and controversies

Abstract

In 2020, there were 19.3 million new cancer cases diagnosed globally (1, 2), and numbers continue to rise. During the last few decades, cancer survival has improved considerably; in the 1960s, children had a 5-year cancer survival rate of around 25% which has risen to over 80% in high-income countries (3, 4). Rising incidence and improved survival rates have resulted in a growing number of long-term cancer survivors; currently over 43 million worldwide (5, 6).