Poly (γ-Glutamic Acid) Promotes Enhanced Dechlorination of p-Chlorophenol by Fe-Pd Nanoparticles

Abstract

Abstract Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has shown considerable promise in the treatment of chlorinated organic compounds, but rapid aggregation and inactivation hinder its application. In this study, palladium-doped zero-valent iron nanoparticles involving poly (γ-glutamic acid) (Fe-Pd@PGA NPs) were synthesized. The nanoparticles were small (~100 nm), uniformly distributed, and highly stable. The dechlorination performance of Fe-Pd@PGA NPs was evaluated using p-CP as a model. The results demonstrated that Fe-Pd@PGA NPs show high activity even in weakly alkaline conditions. The maximum rate constant reached 0.331 min− 1 at pH 9.0 with a Fe to p-CP ratio of 100. Additionally, the dechlorination activity of Fe-Pd@PGA NPs is more than ten times higher than that of the bare Fe-Pd NPs, demonstrating the crucial role of PGA in this system. Furthermore, we investigated the dechlorination performance in the presence of different anions. The results indicated that Fe-Pd@PGA NPs can maintain high activity in the presence of Cl−, H2PO4 −, and humic acid, while HPO4 2−and HCO3 − ions slightly reduce the dechlorination activity. We believed that PGA is a promising stabilizer and promoter for Fe-Pd NPs and the Fe-Pd@PGA NPs have the potential for practical applications.

Keywords

• Poly (γ-glutamic acid)
• Fe-Pd nanoparticles
• Zero-valent iron
• p-Chlorophenol
• Environmental remediation