The World Journal of Men's Health (Jan 2023)
Consensus and Diversity in the Management of Varicocele for Male Infertility: Results of a Global Practice Survey and Comparison with Guidelines and Recommendations
- Rupin Shah,
- Ashok Agarwal,
- Parviz Kavoussi,
- Amarnath Rambhatla,
- Ramadan Saleh,
- Rossella Cannarella,
- Ahmed M. Harraz,
- Florence Boitrelle,
- Shinnosuke Kuroda,
- Taha Abo-Almagd Abdel-Meguid Hamoda,
- Armand Zini,
- Edmund Ko,
- Gokhan Calik,
- Tuncay Toprak,
- Hussein Kandil,
- Murat Gül,
- Mustafa Emre Bakırcıoğlu,
- Neel Parekh,
- Giorgio Ivan Russo,
- Nicholas Tadros,
- Ates Kadioglu,
- Mohamed Arafa,
- Eric Chung,
- Osvaldo Rajmil,
- Fotios Dimitriadis,
- Vineet Malhotra,
- Gianmaria Salvio,
- Ralf Henkel,
- Tan V. Le,
- Emrullah Sogutdelen,
- Sarah Vij,
- Abdullah Alarbid,
- Ahmet Gudeloglu,
- Akira Tsujimura,
- Aldo E. Calogero,
- Amr El Meliegy,
- Andrea Crafa,
- Arif Kalkanli,
- Aykut Baser,
- Berk Hazir,
- Carlo Giulioni,
- Chak-Lam Cho,
- Christopher C.K. Ho,
- Ciro Salzano,
- Daniel Suslik Zylbersztejn,
- Dung Mai Ba Tien,
- Edoardo Pescatori,
- Edson Borges,
- Ege Can Serefoglu,
- Emine Saïs-Hamza,
- Eric Huyghe,
- Erman Ceyhan,
- Ettore Caroppo,
- Fabrizio Castiglioni,
- Fahmi Bahar,
- Fatih Gokalp,
- Francesco Lombardo,
- Franco Gadda,
- Gede Wirya Kusuma Duarsa,
- Germar-Michael Pinggera,
- Gian Maria Busetto,
- Giancarlo Balercia,
- Gianmartin Cito,
- Gideon Blecher,
- Giorgio Franco,
- Giovanni Liguori,
- Haitham Elbardisi,
- Hakan Keskin,
- Haocheng Lin,
- Hisanori Taniguchi,
- Hyun Jun Park,
- Imad Ziouziou,
- Jean de la Rosette,
- Jim Hotaling,
- Jonathan Ramsay,
- Juan Manuel Corral Molina,
- Ka Lun Lo,
- Kadir Bocu,
- Kareim Khalafalla,
- Kasonde Bowa,
- Keisuke Okada,
- Koichi Nagao,
- Koji Chiba,
- Lukman Hakim,
- Konstantinos Makarounis,
- Marah Hehemann,
- Marcelo Rodriguez Peña,
- Marco Falcone,
- Marion Bendayan,
- Marlon Martinez,
- Massimiliano Timpano,
- Mesut Altan,
- Mikkel Fode,
- Mohamed S. Al-Marhoon,
- Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani,
- Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi,
- Nazim Gherabi,
- Nikolaos Sofikitis,
- Oğuzhan Kahraman,
- Ponco Birowo,
- Priyank Kothari,
- Puneet Sindhwani,
- Qaisar Javed,
- Rafael F. Ambar,
- Raghavender Kosgi,
- Ramy Abou Ghayda,
- Ricky Adriansjah,
- Rosita Angela Condorelli,
- Sandro La Vignera,
- Sava Micic,
- Shannon Hee Kyung Kim,
- Shinichiro Fukuhara,
- Sun Tae Ahn,
- Taymour Mostafa,
- Teng Aik Ong,
- Teppei Takeshima,
- Toshiyasu Amano,
- Trenton Barrett,
- Umut Arslan,
- Vilvapathy Senguttuvan Karthikeyan,
- Widi Atmoko,
- Yasushi Yumura,
- Yiming Yuan,
- Yuki Kato,
- Davor Jezek,
- Bryan Kwun-Chung Cheng,
- Georgios Hatzichristodoulou,
- Jun Dy,
- Eduard Ruiz Castañé,
- Ahmed I. El-Sakka,
- Quang Nguyen,
- Selcuk Sarikaya,
- Luca Boeri,
- Ronny Tan,
- Mohamad A. Moussa,
- Ahmed El-Assmy,
- Hamed Alali,
- Naif Alhathal,
- Yasser Osman,
- Dragoljub Perovic,
- Hesamoddin Sajadi,
- Hamed Akhavizadegan,
- Miroslav Vučinić,
- Said Kattan,
- Mohamed S. Kattan,
- Nasser Mogharabian,
- Nguyen Ho Vinh Phuoc,
- Kay Seong Ngoo,
- Mohammad H. Alkandari,
- Shaheed Alsuhaibani,
- Ioannis Sokolakis,
- Mehdi Babaei,
- Mak Siu King,
- Thorsten Diemer,
- Marcelo M. Gava,
- Raphael Henrique,
- Rodrigo Spinola e Silva,
- Gustavo Marquesine Paul,
- Tiago Cesar Mierzwa,
- Sidney Glina,
- Kashif Siddiqi,
- Han Wu,
- Jana Wurzacher,
- Ala’a Farkouh,
- Hwancheol Son,
- Suks Minhas,
- Joe Lee,
- Nikko Magsanoc,
- Paolo Capogrosso,
- German Jose Albano,
- Sheena E. M. Lewis,
- Channa N. Jayasena,
- Juan G. Alvarez,
- Colin Teo,
- Ryan P. Smith,
- Jo Ben M. Chua,
- Christian Fuglesang S. Jensen,
- Sijo Parekattil,
- Renata Finelli,
- Damayanthi Durairajanayagam,
- Keshab Kumar Karna,
- Abdelkareem Ahmed,
- Don Evenson,
- Yukihiro Umemoto,
- Ana Puigvert,
- Gökhan Çeker,
- Giovanni M Colpi
Affiliations
- Rupin Shah
- ORCiD
- Division of Andrology, Department of Urology, Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Ashok Agarwal
- ORCiD
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Parviz Kavoussi
- ORCiD
- Austin Fertility & Reproductive Medicine/Westlake IVF, TX, USA
- Amarnath Rambhatla
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
- Ramadan Saleh
- ORCiD
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
- Rossella Cannarella
- ORCiD
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Ahmed M. Harraz
- ORCiD
- Mansoura University Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt
- Florence Boitrelle
- ORCiD
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Preservation, Andrology, CECOS, Poissy Hospital, Poissy, France
- Shinnosuke Kuroda
- ORCiD
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Taha Abo-Almagd Abdel-Meguid Hamoda
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Armand Zini
- ORCiD
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Edmund Ko
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Gokhan Calik
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Tuncay Toprak
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hussein Kandil
- ORCiD
- Fakih IVF Fertility Center, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Murat Gül
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Selcuk University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
- Mustafa Emre Bakırcıoğlu
- ORCiD
- SENSART Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
- Neel Parekh
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Giorgio Ivan Russo
- ORCiD
- Urology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Nicholas Tadros
- ORCiD
- Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
- Ates Kadioglu
- ORCiD
- Section of Andrology, Department of Urology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Mohamed Arafa
- ORCiD
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Eric Chung
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Osvaldo Rajmil
- ORCiD
- Department of Andrology, Fundacio Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain
- Fotios Dimitriadis
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Vineet Malhotra
- ORCiD
- SCM Clinic and Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Gianmaria Salvio
- ORCiD
- Department of Endocrinology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Ralf Henkel
- ORCiD
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Tan V. Le
- ORCiD
- Department of Andrology, Binh Dan Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Emrullah Sogutdelen
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
- Sarah Vij
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Abdullah Alarbid
- ORCiD
- Department of Surgery, Urology Unit, Farwaniya Hospital, Farwaniya, Kuwait
- Ahmet Gudeloglu
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Akira Tsujimura
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Aldo E. Calogero
- ORCiD
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Amr El Meliegy
- ORCiD
- Department of Andrology, Sexology and STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Andrea Crafa
- ORCiD
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Arif Kalkanli
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Taksim Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Aykut Baser
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, Balıkesir, Turkey
- Berk Hazir
- ORCiD
- Reproductive medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Carlo Giulioni
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Polytechnic University of Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
- Chak-Lam Cho
- ORCiD
- S. H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Christopher C.K. Ho
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Specialist Centre, Selangor, Malaysia
- Ciro Salzano
- ORCiD
- PO San Giovanni Bosco, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Napoli, Italy
- Daniel Suslik Zylbersztejn
- ORCiD
- Fleury Group and Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Dung Mai Ba Tien
- ORCiD
- Department of Andrology, Binh Dan Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Edoardo Pescatori
- ORCiD
- Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Unit, Gynepro Medical, Bologna, Italy
- Edson Borges
- ORCiD
- Fertility Medical Group, São Paulo, Brazil
- Ege Can Serefoglu
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Biruni University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Emine Saïs-Hamza
- ORCiD
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Preservation, Andrology, CECOS, Poissy Hospital, Poissy, France
- Eric Huyghe
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology and Andrology, University Hospital of Toulouse, France
- Erman Ceyhan
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Baskent University, Konya, Turkey
- Ettore Caroppo
- ORCiD
- Asl Bari, PTA “F Jaia”, Reproductive and IVF unit, Andrology Outpatients Clinic, Asl Bari, Conversano (Ba), Italy
- Fabrizio Castiglioni
- ORCiD
- Andrology Unit, ART Center - San Carlo Clinic, Paderno Dugnano, Milan, Italy
- Fahmi Bahar
- ORCiD
- Andrology Section, Siloam Sriwijaya Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia
- Fatih Gokalp
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Turkey
- Francesco Lombardo
- ORCiD
- Laboratory of Seminology—Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- Franco Gadda
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Gede Wirya Kusuma Duarsa
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
- Germar-Michael Pinggera
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- Gian Maria Busetto
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation, University of Foggia, Ospedali Riuniti of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- Giancarlo Balercia
- ORCiD
- Department of Endocrinology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Gianmartin Cito
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Gideon Blecher
- ORCiD
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Giorgio Franco
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Giovanni Liguori
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Haitham Elbardisi
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Hakan Keskin
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Haocheng Lin
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Hisanori Taniguchi
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
- Hyun Jun Park
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Imad Ziouziou
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, College of medicine and pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
- Jean de la Rosette
- ORCiD
- Department of urology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol Mega University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Jim Hotaling
- ORCiD
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Jonathan Ramsay
- ORCiD
- Department of Andrology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial, London, UK
- Juan Manuel Corral Molina
- ORCiD
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Clínico de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Ka Lun Lo
- ORCiD
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Kadir Bocu
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Silopi State Hospital, Sirnak, Turkey
- Kareim Khalafalla
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Kasonde Bowa
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Lusaka, Lusaka, Zambia
- Keisuke Okada
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Koichi Nagao
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Koji Chiba
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Lukman Hakim
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Universitas Airlangga/Rumah Sakit Universitas Airlangga Teaching Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Konstantinos Makarounis
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Locus Medicus, Athens, Greece
- Marah Hehemann
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Marcelo Rodriguez Peña
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Ginecología y Fertilidad (IFER), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Marco Falcone
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Molinette Hospital, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Marion Bendayan
- ORCiD
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Preservation, Andrology, CECOS, Poissy Hospital, Poissy, France
- Marlon Martinez
- ORCiD
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines
- Massimiliano Timpano
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Molinette Hospital, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Mesut Altan
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Haceppete University, Ankara, Turkey
- Mikkel Fode
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mohamed S. Al-Marhoon
- ORCiD
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani
- ORCiD
- Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Nazim Gherabi
- ORCiD
- Andrology Committee of the Algerian Association of Urology, Algiers, Algeria
- Nikolaos Sofikitis
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Ioannina University School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Oğuzhan Kahraman
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Baskent University, Konya, Turkey
- Ponco Birowo
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Priyank Kothari
- ORCiD
- B.Y.L Nair Ch Hospital, Mumbai, India
- Puneet Sindhwani
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
- Qaisar Javed
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Al - Ahlia Hospital Abu Dhabi UAE, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Rafael F. Ambar
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Centro Universitario em Saude do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Raghavender Kosgi
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology and Andrology, AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Ramy Abou Ghayda
- ORCiD
- Urology Institute, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Ricky Adriansjah
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Banding, Indonesia
- Rosita Angela Condorelli
- ORCiD
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Sandro La Vignera
- ORCiD
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Sava Micic
- ORCiD
- Department of Andrology, Uromedica Polyclinic, Belgrade, Serbia
- Shannon Hee Kyung Kim
- ORCiD
- IVF Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Shinichiro Fukuhara
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Sun Tae Ahn
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Taymour Mostafa
- ORCiD
- Department of Andrology, Sexology and STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Teng Aik Ong
- ORCiD
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Teppei Takeshima
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Reproduction Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Toshiyasu Amano
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Nagano Red Cross Hospital, Nagano, Japan
- Trenton Barrett
- ORCiD
- Perth Urology Clinic, Perth, WA, Australia
- Umut Arslan
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
- Vilvapathy Senguttuvan Karthikeyan
- ORCiD
- Andrology Unit, Department of Urology, Apollo Hospitals, Greams Road, Chennai, India
- Widi Atmoko
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology and Andrology, AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Yasushi Yumura
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Reproduction Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Yiming Yuan
- ORCiD
- Andrology Center & Urology Department, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Yuki Kato
- ORCiD
- Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
- Davor Jezek
- ORCiD
- Department for Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Biology, Reproductive Tissue Bank, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, University Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Bryan Kwun-Chung Cheng
- ORCiD
- Department of Surgery, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Georgios Hatzichristodoulou
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Martha-Maria Hospital Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
- Jun Dy
- ORCiD
- Stone and Prostate Treatment Services/Pelvic Floor Center and Anorectal Diseases, St. Luke’s Medical Center, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Eduard Ruiz Castañé
- ORCiD
- Department of Andrology, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Ahmed I. El-Sakka
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Quang Nguyen
- ORCiD
- Center for Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Viet Duc University Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Selcuk Sarikaya
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Gülhane Research and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
- Luca Boeri
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Ronny Tan
- ORCiD
- Advanced Urology Associates, Singapore
- Mohamad A. Moussa
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Ahmed El-Assmy
- ORCiD
- Mansoura University Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt
- Hamed Alali
- ORCiD
- King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Naif Alhathal
- ORCiD
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Yasser Osman
- ORCiD
- Mansoura University Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt
- Dragoljub Perovic
- ORCiD
- Urology and Andrology Center, CODRA Hospital, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
- Hesamoddin Sajadi
- ORCiD
- B.Y.L Nair Ch Hospital, Mumbai, India
- Hamed Akhavizadegan
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Miroslav Vučinić
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Užice General Hospital, Zlatibor, Serbia
- Said Kattan
- ORCiD
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed S. Kattan
- ORCiD
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Nasser Mogharabian
- ORCiD
- Sexual Health and Fertility Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Nguyen Ho Vinh Phuoc
- ORCiD
- Department of Andrology, Binh Dan Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Kay Seong Ngoo
- ORCiD
- Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Hospital Angkatan Tentera Tuanku Mizan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Mohammad H. Alkandari
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Teaching Hospital, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
- Shaheed Alsuhaibani
- ORCiD
- Department of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Ioannis Sokolakis
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Martha-Maria Hospital Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
- Mehdi Babaei
- ORCiD
- Department of Andrology, Shariati Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Mak Siu King
- ORCiD
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Thorsten Diemer
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus- Liebig-University Giessen (GER), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Campus Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Marcelo M. Gava
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Centro Universitario em Saude do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Raphael Henrique
- ORCiD
- Santa Casa de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Rodrigo Spinola e Silva
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Centro Universitario em Saude do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Gustavo Marquesine Paul
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Hospital de Clínicas of the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Tiago Cesar Mierzwa
- ORCiD
- Androlab, Fertility Clinic, Curitiba, Brazil
- Sidney Glina
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Centro Universitario em Saude do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Kashif Siddiqi
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Han Wu
- ORCiD
- Department of Andrology, PKU 3rd Hospital Reproductive Medicine Center, Beijing, China
- Jana Wurzacher
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Ala’a Farkouh
- ORCiD
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Hwancheol Son
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Suks Minhas
- ORCiD
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Joe Lee
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Nikko Magsanoc
- ORCiD
- Department of Surgery, University of the Philippines College of Medicine, Manila, Philippines
- Paolo Capogrosso
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- German Jose Albano
- ORCiD
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines
- Sheena E. M. Lewis
- ORCiD
- Examenlab Ltd., Northern Ireland, UK
- Channa N. Jayasena
- ORCiD
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Andrology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Juan G. Alvarez
- ORCiD
- Department of Andrology, Centro ANDROGEN, La Coruña, Spain
- Colin Teo
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Gleneagles Hospital, Singapore
- Ryan P. Smith
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Virginia, USA
- Jo Ben M. Chua
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, East Avenue Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
- Christian Fuglesang S. Jensen
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Sijo Parekattil
- ORCiD
- Avant Concierge Urology & University of Central Florida, Winter Garden, FL, USA
- Renata Finelli
- ORCiD
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Damayanthi Durairajanayagam
- ORCiD
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
- Keshab Kumar Karna
- ORCiD
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Abdelkareem Ahmed
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Sabah Al Ahmad Urology Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Don Evenson
- ORCiD
- SCSA Diagnostics, Brookings, SD, USA
- Yukihiro Umemoto
- ORCiD
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
- Ana Puigvert
- ORCiD
- Urological and Human Reproduction Unit, Quiron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Gökhan Çeker
- ORCiD
- Department of Urology, Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Giovanni M Colpi
- ORCiD
- Next Fertility Procrea, Lugano, Switzerland
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.220048
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 41,
no. 1
pp. 164 – 197
Abstract
Purpose: Varicocele is a common problem among infertile men. Varicocele repair (VR) is frequently performed to improve semen parameters and the chances of pregnancy. However, there is a lack of consensus about the diagnosis, indications for VR and its outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore global practice patterns on the management of varicocele in the context of male infertility. Materials and Methods: Sixty practicing urologists/andrologists from 23 countries contributed 382 multiple-choice-questions pertaining to varicocele management. These were condensed into an online questionnaire that was forwarded to clinicians involved in male infertility management through direct invitation. The results were analyzed for disagreement and agreement in practice patterns and, compared with the latest guidelines of international professional societies (American Urological Association [AUA], American Society for Reproductive Medicine [ASRM], and European Association of Urology [EAU]), and with evidence emerging from recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Additionally, an expert opinion on each topic was provided based on the consensus of 16 experts in the field. Results: The questionnaire was answered by 574 clinicians from 59 countries. The majority of respondents were urologists/ uro-andrologists. A wide diversity of opinion was seen in every aspect of varicocele diagnosis, indications for repair, choice of technique, management of sub-clinical varicocele and the role of VR in azoospermia. A significant proportion of the responses were at odds with the recommendations of AUA, ASRM, and EAU. A large number of clinical situations were identified where no guidelines are available. Conclusions: This study is the largest global survey performed to date on the clinical management of varicocele for male infertility. It demonstrates: 1) a wide disagreement in the approach to varicocele management, 2) large gaps in the clinical practice guidelines from professional societies, and 3) the need for further studies on several aspects of varicocele management in infertile men.
Keywords
