آداب الرافدين (Mar 1979)
Education in Mosul in the nineteenth century
Abstract
Since Hulagu's invasion of Baghdad in 656 AH until the mid-nineteenth century AD, Iraq witnessed an intellectual backwardness that led to the obliteration of many of the features of the Arab-Islamic civilization, whose construction was established by the Abbasids in all fields of knowledge and knowledge. Iraq was an arena for battles and rivalries, the strongest of which was the conflict between the Persian and Turkish states, which ended with the control of the Turks in the end, and had a bad effect on Iraq in all fields, especially thought and culture. And the rule of the Ottoman Turks over Iraq led to backwardness in various fields, especially after the Ottoman Empire became unable to withstand the legions of European armies in its wars that were an extension of the Crusades. All this led to the neglect of the Ottoman provinces, and a backwardness in thought followed, so people became ignorant, and the doors of learning were blocked in their faces, and education became a body without a soul, so its methods degenerated, its concepts sterile, its material weakened, its curricula were lost, the ignorance of its teachers, and its students were absent, even to imagine to A person lives in an atmosphere of complete ignorance, had it not been for what remained of religious studies aimed at serving Islam and preserving it from the futility of the absurd. Perhaps the religious link that linked the Arabs with the Turks was the reason that preserved these studies’s fate from loss and neglect. Although the Ottomans mistreated the Arabs, they did not cut the thread that connected them with them, and with this thread, meaning Islam, they were able to take over the souls of the Arabs who - despite the harm they suffered from the Turks - did not cut this thread. In any case, the nineteenth century witnessed an educational movement, which was manifested in the establishment of the teaching houses that students used to provide in order to draw from them the religious and Arabic sciences. Despite the poor economic situation that characterized the nineteenth century as a result of the wars that exhausted the state, this situation did not resolve between people and the pursuit of knowledge, and the reason for this, in our opinion, is the tyranny of the religious spirit that we can manage in the hearts of people, for it was their reverence for Islam. And the Qur’an in particular has a strong incentive that drives them to seek knowledge and receive knowledge. Also (the establishment of modern printing presses ... the establishment of the telegraph line, the organization of postal affairs, and the issuance of newspapers and magazines had a far-reaching effect on alerting the minds) In addition to this, the link that existed between Iraq and the Arab world on the one hand, and between it and the Persians and Turks on the other hand, and to What people used to hear about the scientific and intellectual progress in Europe, all of these reasons opened people's minds and made them eager to learn in all its forms and various methods.
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