An Evaluation Framework for Second-Life EV/PHEV Battery Application in Power Systems

Songjian Chai; Ning Zhou Xu; Ming Niu; Ka Wing Chan; Chi Yung Chung; Hui Jiang; Yuxin Sun

doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3126872

IEEE Access (Jan 2021)

An Evaluation Framework for Second-Life EV/PHEV Battery Application in Power Systems

Songjian Chai,
Ning Zhou Xu,
Ming Niu,
Ka Wing Chan,
Chi Yung Chung,
Hui Jiang,
Yuxin Sun

Affiliations

Songjian Chai: ORCiD; College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
Ning Zhou Xu: ORCiD; Experimental Power Grid Centre, Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Ming Niu: ORCiD; Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Liaoning Electric Power Company Ltd., Shenyang, China
Ka Wing Chan: ORCiD; Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Chi Yung Chung: ORCiD; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Hui Jiang: ORCiD; College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
Yuxin Sun: ORCiD; Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3126872
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 9
pp. 152430 – 152441

Abstract

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Energy storage is essential for balancing the generation and load in power systems. Building a battery energy storage system (BESS) with retired battery packs from electric vehicles (EVs) or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) is one possible way to subsidize the price of EV/PHEV batteries, and at the same time mitigating forecast error introduced by load and renewable energy sources in power systems. This paper proposes a detailed framework to evaluate end-of-life (EOL) EV/PHEV batteries in BESS application. The framework consists of three parts. A generalized model for battery degradation is first introduced. It is followed by modeling the battery retirement process in its first life. Two vehicle types—EV and PHEV—as well as two retirement modes—nominal and realistic modes—are considered. Finally, the application of the second-life BESS in power systems is modeled in a detailed economic dispatch (ED) problem. This is how second-life BESS’s performance translates into cost savings on power generation. An optimization problem is formulated to maximize total cost savings in power generation over the battery’s second life. This is done by striking a balance between short-term benefit (daily cost savings) and long-term benefit (cost savings through service years). Numerical results validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework/models. They show that battery usage and retirement criterion in its first life directly affect the performance in its second life application. In our case study, EV battery packs possess larger EOL energy capacities and consequently generate more cost savings in the second life. However, the BESS built from retired PHEV batteries has higher cost savings per MWh. It is because, with the proposed degradation model, battery health is better preserved in PHEV applications. Compared to nominal retirement mode, realistic retirement mode results in extra cost savings due to the reduced first-life service years.

Published in IEEE Access

ISSN: 2169-3536 (Online)
Publisher: IEEE
Country of publisher: United States
LCC subjects: Technology: Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering
Website: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=6287639

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