Chitosan-Carboxymethylcellulose Hydrogels as Electrolytes for Zinc–Air Batteries: An Approach to the Transition towards Renewable Energy Storage Devices

Abstract

Biopolymers are promising materials as electrolytes with high flexibility, good performance, cost effectiveness, high compatibility with solvents, and film-forming ability. Chitosan (CS) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) can form an intermolecular complex, giving rise to hydrogels capable of absorbing ionic solutions. Citric acid (CA) is an effective biological chemical crosslinker that assists the formation of amide and ester bonds between CMC and CS, resulting in a structure with high ionic conductivity and good structural integrity. In this study, a chemical crosslinking strategy is used to synthesize electrolyte hydrogels for zinc–air batteries. The effects of crosslinking are studied on the structural and electrochemical performance of the membranes. The results show an improvement in the ionic conductivity with respect to the homologous electrolyte hydrogel systems reported, with a maximum of 0.19 S∙cm−1 at 30 °C. In addition, the cyclic voltammetry studies showed a current intensity increase at higher CA content, reaching values of 360 mA∙cm−2. Structural characterization suggests a higher thermal stability and a decrease in the degree of crystallinity caused by the polymers’ crosslinking. Finally, these membranes were tested in Zn–air batteries, obtaining power densities of 85 mW∙cm−2. The proposed hydrogels show to be appropriate for energy zinc–air battery applications and present an alternative to support the sustainable energy transition.

Keywords

• zinc–air batteries
• electrolytes
• hydrogels
• biopolymers
• crosslinking
• casting technique