Elimination of Foreign Sequences in Eukaryotic Viral Reference Genomes Improves the Accuracy of Virome Analysis

Abstract

ABSTRACT Widespread in public databases, foreign contaminant sequences pose a substantial obstacle in genomic analyses. Such contamination in viral genome databases is also notorious but more complicated and often causes questionable results in various applications, particularly in virome-based virus detection. Here, we conducted comprehensive screening and identification of the foreign sequences hidden in the largest eukaryotic viral genome collections of GenBank and UniProt using a scrutiny pipeline, which enables us to rigorously detect those problematic viral sequences (PVSs) with origins in hosts, vectors, and laboratory components. As a result, a total of 766 nucleotide PVSs and 276 amino acid PVSs with lengths up to 6,605 bp were determined, which were widely distributed in 39 families with many involving highly public health-concerning viruses, such as hepatitis C virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, and filovirus. The majority of these PVSs are genomic fragments of hosts including humans and bacteria. However, they cannot simply be regarded as foreign contaminants, since parts of them are results of natural occurrence or artificial engineering of viruses. Nevertheless, they severely disturb such sequence-based analyses as genome annotation, taxonomic assignment, and virome profiling. Therefore, we provide a clean version of the eukaryotic viral reference data set by the removal of these PVSs, which allows more accurate virome analysis with less time consumed than with other comprehensive databases. IMPORTANCE High-throughput sequencing-based viromics highly depends on reference databases, but foreign contamination is widespread in public databases and often leads to confusing and even wrong conclusions in genomic analysis and viromic profiling. To address this issue, we systematically detected and identified the contamination in the largest viral sequence collections of GenBank and UniProt based on a stringent scrutiny pipeline. We found hundreds of PVSs that are related to hosts, vectors, and laboratory components. By the removal of them, the resulting data set greatly improves the accuracy and efficiency of eukaryotic virome profiling. These results refresh our knowledge of the type and origin of PVSs and also have warning implications for viromic analysis. Viromic practitioners should be aware of these problems caused by PVSs and need to realize that a careful review of bioinformatic results is necessary for a reliable conclusion.

Keywords

• eukaryotic virome
• viral disease diagnosis
• host contamination
• database contamination
• foreign sequences