Is lupus anticoagulant testing with dilute Russell’s viper venom clotting times reliable in the presence of inflammation?

Abstract

Background: Testing for lupus anticoagulant (LA) is not recommended in case of inflammation as C-reactive protein (CRP) can interfere in vitro with the phospholipids present in the activated partial thromboplastin time test used to detect an LA. However, the potential interference of an acute phase protein (ie, CRP) in LA testing using the dilute Russell’s viper venom (DRVV) test is poorly studied. Objectives: To study the effect of inflammation, as evidenced by increased CRP levels, on DRVV tests. Methods: First, a retrospective analysis (2013-2023) was performed: data on all LA workups were retrieved, and the association between CRP levels and DRVV screen, mix, and confirm clotting times was studied. Second, data on DRVV panels and CRP levels were extracted from 2 prospective studies involving intensive care unit patients to study the association between both variables. Third, CRP was added to normal pooled plasma at 6 relevant concentrations (up to 416 mg/L) to study the association between CRP itself and DRVV coagulation times. Results: In the retrospective analysis, DRVV screen and confirm clotting times significantly increased as CRP increased (increase of 0.11 seconds and 0.03 seconds per 1 mg/L increase of CRP level, respectively). In the prospective analysis, only DRVV screen was prolonged with high CRP levels (increase of 0.06 seconds for a 1 mg/L increase in CRP level); DRVV screen/confirm ratio was also increased with high CRP levels. In vitro, the addition of CRP did not significantly increase any DRVV clotting times. Conclusion: LA testing should be performed with much caution in the presence of inflammation as it may be associated with prolongation of both activated partial thromboplastin time and DRVV clotting times.

Keywords

• antiphospholipid antibodies
• C-reactive protein
• dilute Russell’s viper venom
• inflammation
• lupus anticoagulant