Frontiers in Immunology (Oct 2021)

Humoral and Cellular Response Following Vaccination With the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients Affected by Primary Immunodeficiencies

  • Donato Amodio,
  • Alessandra Ruggiero,
  • Alessandra Ruggiero,
  • Mayla Sgrulletti,
  • Mayla Sgrulletti,
  • Mayla Sgrulletti,
  • Chiara Pighi,
  • Nicola Cotugno,
  • Nicola Cotugno,
  • Chiara Medri,
  • Elena Morrocchi,
  • Luna Colagrossi,
  • Cristina Russo,
  • Salvatore Zaffina,
  • Gigliola Di Matteo,
  • Gigliola Di Matteo,
  • Cristina Cifaldi,
  • Silvia Di Cesare,
  • Silvia Di Cesare,
  • Beatrice Rivalta,
  • Beatrice Rivalta,
  • Beatrice Rivalta,
  • Lucia Pacillo,
  • Lucia Pacillo,
  • Lucia Pacillo,
  • Veronica Santilli,
  • Carmela Giancotta,
  • Emma Concetta Manno,
  • Marta Ciofi Degli Atti,
  • Massimiliano Raponi,
  • Paolo Rossi,
  • Paolo Rossi,
  • Andrea Finocchi,
  • Andrea Finocchi,
  • Caterina Cancrini,
  • Caterina Cancrini,
  • Carlo Federico Perno,
  • Carlo Federico Perno,
  • Viviana Moschese,
  • Viviana Moschese,
  • Viviana Moschese,
  • Paolo Palma,
  • Paolo Palma

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.727850
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 12

Abstract

Read online

Mass SARS-Cov-2 vaccination campaign represents the only strategy to defeat the global pandemic we are facing. Immunocompromised patients represent a vulnerable population at high risk of developing severe COVID-19 and thus should be prioritized in the vaccination programs and in the study of the vaccine efficacy. Nevertheless, most data on efficacy and safety of the available vaccines derive from trials conducted on healthy individuals; hence, studies on immunogenicity of SARS-CoV2 vaccines in such populations are deeply needed. Here, we perform an observational longitudinal study analyzing the humoral and cellular response following the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in a cohort of patients affected by inborn errors of immunity (IEI) compared to healthy controls (HC). We show that both IEI and HC groups experienced a significant increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs 1 week after the second scheduled dose as well as an overall statistically significant expansion of the Ag-specific CD4+CD40L+ T cells in both HC and IEI. Five IEI patients did not develop any specific CD4+CD40L+ T cellular response, with one of these patients unable to also mount any humoral response. These data raise immunologic concerns about using Ab response as a sole metric of protective immunity following vaccination for SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, these findings suggest that evaluation of vaccine-induced immunity in this subpopulation should also include quantification of Ag-specific T cells.

Keywords