Low-inertia control of a large-scale renewable energy penetration in power grids: A systematic review with taxonomy and bibliometric analysis

Abstract

The crux to meet the daily exponential growth in power demand and reduce the carbon footprint has seen to rejuvenate the consideration of large-scale renewable energy penetration (LsREP) in the power grid. Conversely, the emergence of the LsREP in the power grid is linked to frequency instability due to the mismatch between the conventional-based synchronous generator and inverter-based generator. Furthermore, the drastic drop in the kinetic energy storage due to the minimal rotating mass resulted in low inertia. This study presents a detailed work evaluating the effectiveness of different low-inertia power grid control techniques such as adaptive, predictive, virtual, and conventional controls. Furthermore, the study revealed gaps in this research area and thus, recommends multi-objective optimization control strategies to accommodate extant grid's dynamism for a better representation and control of low-inertia grid in the presence of perturbations. In addition, the bibliometric analysis was optimized through the VOSviewer-bibliographic software. The analyzed data were extracted from the Scopus database for the period of 2013 to mid-2023 covering 1267 related documents from conference papers, conference reviews, articles, and reviews on low-inertia grid control strategies. The results from the analysis revealed six (6) clusters of new research areas based on the co-occurrence keywords from the assessed papers.

Keywords

• Low inertia
• Frequency control
• Renewable energy
• Frequency stability
• Microgrid
• Rate of change of frequency (Rocof)