Impacts of natural field freeze–thaw process on the release kinetics of cadmium in black soil: Soil aggregate turnover perspective
Quan-Ying Wang,
Bo-Ling Deng,
Mei-Xuan Wu,
Guan-Kai Qiu,
Zheng-Hao Sun,
Tian-Ye Wang,
Shao-Qing Zhang,
Xiu-Tao Yang,
Ning-Ning Song,
Ying Zeng,
Guo-Peng Zhu,
Hong-Wen Yu
Affiliations
Quan-Ying Wang
State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
Bo-Ling Deng
State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Mei-Xuan Wu
State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Guan-Kai Qiu
State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Zheng-Hao Sun
State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Tian-Ye Wang
State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
Shao-Qing Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
Xiu-Tao Yang
State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
Ning-Ning Song
State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
Ying Zeng
State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
Guo-Peng Zhu
State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
Hong-Wen Yu
State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; Corresponding author.
Seasonal freeze–thaw action has been shown to influence the behaviors of heavy metals in soil by changing soil aggregate formation, stabilization, and breakdown. Using rare earth oxides tracing method, this study conducted in-situ seasonal freeze–thaw experiments to examine the links between aggregate turnover behaviors and cadmium (Cd) release kinetics in black soil. Higher stability and longer turnover time of soil aggregates after spring freeze–thaw process than those just experienced autumn freeze–thaw process were found. Changes of the Cd distribution in different aggregates during the freeze–thaw process were mainly driven by soil aggregate transformations. Autumn freeze–thaw events increased the exchangeable Cd amounts in bulk soil and ≥ 0.25 mm aggregates, while no difference was found for the soils subjected to spring freeze–thaw events. The freeze–thaw process decreased the amounts of Cd released from soil, and the lowest amounts were found in the spring snow-removed treatment. Redundancy analysis indicated that the exchangeable, reducible, and residual Cd fractions accounted for most of the variations in Cd release. This study is the first to apply rare earth oxides as an approach to uncover the role of soil aggregate turnover dynamics in explaining the environmental behaviors of heavy metals in seasonal freeze–thaw regions.
