Alkali magmatism on Mars: an unexpected diversity

Abstract

Despite an apparent north/south topographic dichotomy that formed ${>}$4.0 Ga, the young Martian meteorites (${<}$2.4 Ga) and first-order remote sensing observations revealed a surface of Mars that is uniformly basaltic. This simplistic vision has been challenged by the discovery of a brecciated meteorite and additional spacecraft data that all point to the presence of alkaline igneous rocks, thereby demonstrating an unexpected igneous diversity on Mars. In the present paper, we review a variety of effusive alkaline rocks (basalts to trachytes) recognized so far in the southern hemisphere of Mars as observed from a unique 4.47 Ga Martian meteorite, as well as ground, and orbital data. The complementary of effusive alkaline rocks and plutonic orthopyroxene-rich rocks in early Mars is discussed. We propose that mantle-derived magmas at high extent of melting at rather low pressure either erupted forming orthopyroxene-rich lavas, or crystallized at shallow crustal depths, fractionating orthopyroxene which sank to the bottom of the chamber and residual alkaline magmas which erupted at the surface of Mars. Widespread low pressure fractionation processes could also be related to heavy bombardment on the early Martian crust generating melt sheets that ultimately differentiated. The Noachian crust is more diverse than being merely basaltic.

Keywords

• Alkaline igneous trend
• Mars
• Martian meteorite
• Orbital spacecraft
• In situ rover
• Noachian crust
• Alkaline igneous trend