Comparative Analysis of Polyphenolic Compounds in Different <i>Amaranthus</i> Species: Influence of Genotypes and Harvesting Year
Jun-Hyoung Bang,
Ick-Hyun Jo,
Raveendar Sebastin,
Won Tea Jeong,
Sangtaek Oh,
Tae-Young Heo,
Jeehye Sung,
Tae kyung Hyun,
Yoon-Sup So,
Ju-Kyung Yu,
Amal Mohamed AlGarawi,
Ashraf Atef Hatamleh,
Gi-Ho Sung,
Jong-Wook Chung
Affiliations
Jun-Hyoung Bang
Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
Ick-Hyun Jo
Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
Raveendar Sebastin
Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
Won Tea Jeong
Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division, National Institue of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
Sangtaek Oh
Department of Information Statistics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
Tae-Young Heo
Department of Information Statistics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
Jeehye Sung
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
Tae kyung Hyun
Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
Yoon-Sup So
Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
Ju-Kyung Yu
Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
Amal Mohamed AlGarawi
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Ashraf Atef Hatamleh
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Gi-Ho Sung
Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea
Jong-Wook Chung
Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
Amaranth is a nutritionally valuable crop, as it contains phenolic acids and flavonoids, yielding diverse plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) like phytosterol, tocopherols, and carotenoids. This study explored the variations in the contents of seventeen polyphenolic compounds within the leaves of one hundred twenty Amaranthus accessions representing nine Amaranthus species. The investigation entailed the analysis of phenolic content across nine Amaranthus species, specifically A. hypochondriacus, A. cruentus, A. caudatus, A. tricolor, A. dubius, A. blitum, A. crispus, A. hybridus, and A. viridis, utilizing ultra performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (UPLC-PDA). The results revealed significant differences in polyphenolic compounds among accessions in which rutin content was predominant in all Amaranthus species in both 2018 and 2019. Among the nine Amaranthus species, the rutin content ranged from 95.72 ± 199.17 μg g−1 (A. dubius) to 1485.09 ± 679.51 μg g−1 (A. viridis) in 2018 and from 821.59 ± 709.95 μg g−1 (A. tricolor) to 3166.52 ± 1317.38 μg g−1 (A. hypochondriacus) in 2019. Correlation analysis revealed, significant positive correlations between rutin and kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside (r = 0.93), benzoic acid and ferulic acid (r = 0.76), and benzoic acid and kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside (r = 0.76), whereas gallic acid showed consistently negative correlations with each of the 16 phenolic compounds. Wide variations were identified among accessions and between plants grown in the two years. The nine species and one hundred twenty Amaranthus accessions were clustered into six groups based on their seventeen phenolic compounds in each year. These findings contribute to expanding our understanding of the phytochemical traits of accessions within nine Amaranthus species, which serve as valuable resources for Amaranthus component breeding and functional material development.
