Life History Parameters to Inform Pattern of Prenatal Investment in Marine Mammals

Abstract

Marine mammals are a diverse group of aquatic animals that exhibit wide variation in body size, living conditions, breeding habitat, social behaviour and phylogeny. Although case studies about prenatal investment in cetaceans and pinnipeds have been investigated, comparative studies across different marine mammal taxonomic groups have not yet been conducted systematically. Here, six life history parameters from 75 marine mammal species were collected based on a meta-analysis of the existing literature, and prenatal investment patterns for different taxonomic groups were explored using an unsupervised artificial neural network of a self-organizing map (SOM). Most marine mammal species can be clearly divided into two clusters of small-bodied taxa (small-bodied toothed whales, pinnipeds) and large-bodied taxa (baleen whales, sperm whales and beaked whales, large-bodied toothed whales) based on their distribution within SOM feature maps. Gestation periods and breeding intervals are significantly shorter in pinnipeds than in small-bodied toothed dolphins despite being similar in body size, indicating their adaption to birthing and nursing on land or ice floes. Specific deep-dive feeding behaviour seems to have no impact on the prenatal investment of beaked whales and sperm whales, as these species exhibit a similar capital breeding strategy to baleen whales. Medium-bodied sirenians adopt an intermediate strategy between small-bodied and large-bodied toothed whales, suggesting their prenatal investment strategy is not affected by herbivorous habits. Overall, our results support the body-size hypothesis and breeding-substrate hypothesis and indicate that prenatal investment strategies of marine mammals are possibly not influenced by feeding habits or social behaviour. We suggest that effective conservation measures for small-bodied toothed whales and pinnipeds should prioritize the protection of habitats and minimize human disturbance, whereas conservation measures for large-bodied whales and beaked whales should focus on strategies to prevent substantial declines in population size.

Keywords

• maternal investment
• marine mammals
• cetacean
• self-organizing map (SOM)
• meta-analysis