Differentiable Measures for Speech Spectral Modeling

Abstract

Autoregressive models for the envelope of speech power spectral densities (PSDs) are refined by the self-supervised spectral learning machine (S3LM) provided with differentiable spectral objective functions, including the Itakura-Saito divergence (ISD), the Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD), the reverse KLD (RKLD) and the log spectral distortion (LSD), which display more significant results. However, in order to assess the models more perceptually, a method is proposed based upon perturbations around perfect reconstruction analysis-synthesis configurations. In the cross-excitation analysis-synthesis assessment (CEASA) method, the residual signals generated by analysis filters of the spectral models are injected as excitation into the synthesis filters derived from the same and other models in order to be evaluated by the perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) and Itakura divergence (ID), which are averaged over a set of models obtained using the objective functions mentioned above. The results lead to a superior performance when the RKLD is used as the loss function for the estimation of the spectral models with the ISD ranking close behind. The focus of these divergences on the spectral peaks is argued and pointed as the most important factor for this behavior. Specifically, using the PESQ scores obtained with CEASA, the RKLD loss is found to improve the performance by 1.0%, 4.0% and 19.3% with respect to the open-loop analysis, the KLD and the LSD models, respectively, while the corresponding improvements for the ISD loss are 0.1%, 3.0% and 18.2%, and the RKLD models excel the ISD models by 1.0% on average. Even though the spectral measures alone are not able to unequivocally distinguish the better of the two, CEASA is shown to have enough sensitivity to distinguish their performances. In summary, the learning machine S3LM fits models for the short-term spectral envelope of speech and, for the evaluation of its performance under several differentiable loss functions, the CEASA assessment tool has been developed. In addition, CEASA may be used for other assessments connected with speech analysis and synthesis.

Keywords

• Autoregressive processes
• machine learning algorithms
• prediction methods
• self-supervised learning
• speech analysis
• spectral analysis