Forest and Landscape Restoration: A Review Emphasizing Principles, Concepts, and Practices
Ricardo Gomes César,
Loren Belei,
Carolina Giudice Badari,
Ricardo A. G. Viani,
Victoria Gutierrez,
Robin L. Chazdon,
Pedro H. S. Brancalion,
Carla Morsello
Affiliations
Ricardo Gomes César
Department of Forestry Sciences, ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ School of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
Loren Belei
Graduate Program in Environmental Science, Institute of Energy and Environment, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 1289, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
Carolina Giudice Badari
Department of Forestry Sciences, ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ School of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
Ricardo A. G. Viani
Department of Biotechnology and Plant and Animal Production, Federal University of São Carlos, Agraria Science Centre (CCA), Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, Araras 13604-900, Brazil
Victoria Gutierrez
Commonland, Kraanspoor 26, 1033 SE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Robin L. Chazdon
Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Sunshine Coast, QLD 4558, Australia
Pedro H. S. Brancalion
Department of Forestry Sciences, ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ School of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
Carla Morsello
School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Arlindo Bettio Street, 1000, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR) is considered worldwide as a powerful approach to recover ecological functionality and to improve human well-being in degraded and deforested landscapes. The literature produced by FLR programs could be a valuable tool to understand how they align with the existing principles of FLR. We conducted a systematic qualitative review to identify the main FLR concepts and definitions adopted in the literature from 1980 to 2017 and the underlying actions commonly suggested to enable FLR implementation. We identified three domains and 12 main associated principles—(i) Project management and governance domain contains five principles: (a) Landscape scale, (b) Prioritization, (c) Legal and normative compliance, (d) Participation, (e) Adaptive management; (ii) Human aspect domain with four principles: (a) Enhance livelihoods, (b) Inclusiveness and equity, (c) Economic diversification, (d) Capacity building; (iii) Ecological Aspects domain with three principles: (a) Biodiversity conservation, (b) Landscape heterogeneity and connectivity, (c) Provision of ecosystem goods and services. Our results showcase variations in FLR principles and how they are linked with practice, especially regarding the lack of social aspects in FLR projects. Finally, we provide a starting point for future tools aiming to improve guidance frameworks for FLR.
