Biogeochemical controls on the bacterial populations in the eastern Atlantic Ocean

Abstract

Little is known about bacterial dynamics in the oligotrophic ocean, particularly about cultivable bacteria. We examined the abundance of total and cultivable bacteria in relation to changes in biogeochemical conditions in the eastern Atlantic Ocean with special regard to <i>Vibrio</i> spp., a group of bacteria that can cause diseases in human and aquatic organisms. Surface, deep water and plankton (<20 μm, 20–55 μm and >55 μm) samples were collected between 50° N and 24° S. Chlorophyll-<i>a</i> was very low (<0.3 μg l^&minus;1) in most areas of the nutrient-poor Atlantic, except at a few locations near upwelling regions. In surface water, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) concentrations were 64–95 μM C and 2–10 μM N accounting for &ge;90 % and &ge;76 % of total organic C and N, respectively. DOC and DON gradually decreased to ~45 μM C and <5 μM N in the bottom water. In the surface layer, culture independent total bacteria and other prokaryotes represented by 4´-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) counts, ranged mostly between 10⁷ and 10⁸ cells l⁻¹, while cultivable bacterial counts (CBC) and <i>Vibrio</i> spp. were found at concentrations of 10⁴–10⁷ and 10²–10⁵ colony forming units (CFU) l⁻¹, respectively. Most bacteria (>99 %) were found in the nanoplankton fraction (<20 μm), however, bacterial abundance did not correlate with suspended particulates (chlorophyll-<i>a</i>, particulate organic C [POC] and N [PON]). Instead, we found a highly significant correlation between bacterial abundance and temperature (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and a significant correlation with DOC and DON (<i>p</i> < 0.005 and <0.01, respectively). In comparison to CBC and DAPI-stained prokaryotes, cultivable <i>Vibrio</i> showed a stronger and highly significant correlation with DOC and DON (<i>p</i> < 0.0005 and <i>p</i> < 0.005, respectively). In cold waters of the mesopelagic and abyssal zones, CBC was 50 to 100-times lower than in the surface layer; however, cultivable <i>Vibrio</i> spp. could be isolated from the bathypelagic zone and even near the seafloor (average ~10 CFU l^&minus;1). The depth-wise decrease in CBC and <i>Vibrio</i> coincided with the decrease in both DOC and POC. Our study indicates that <i>Vibrio</i> and other bacteria may largely depend on dissolved organic matter to survive in nutrient-poor oceanic habitats.