An Assessment of Diagnostic Assays and Sample Types in the Detection of an Attenuated Genotype 5 African Swine Fever Virus in European Pigs over a 3-Month Period
Karyn A. Havas,
Andrey E. Gogin,
Julia V. Basalaeva,
Irina P. Sindryakova,
Olga L. Kolbasova,
Ilya A. Titov,
Valentina M. Lyska,
Sergey Y. Morgunov,
Mikhail E. Vlasov,
Timofey A. Sevskikh,
Elena Y. Pivova,
Dmitry A. Kudrjashov,
Kent Doolittle,
Silvia Zimmerman,
Wendy Witbeck,
Luis G. Gimenez-Lirola,
Joel Nerem,
Gordon D. Spronk,
Jeffrey J. Zimmerman,
Alexey D. Sereda
Affiliations
Karyn A. Havas
Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN 56164, USA
Andrey E. Gogin
Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia
Julia V. Basalaeva
Swine Division, Cherkizovo LLC, 399870 Lipetsk, Russia
Irina P. Sindryakova
Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia
Olga L. Kolbasova
Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia
Ilya A. Titov
Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia
Valentina M. Lyska
Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia
Sergey Y. Morgunov
Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia
Mikhail E. Vlasov
Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia
Timofey A. Sevskikh
Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia
Elena Y. Pivova
Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia
Dmitry A. Kudrjashov
Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia
Kent Doolittle
IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA
Silvia Zimmerman
IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA
Wendy Witbeck
IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA
Luis G. Gimenez-Lirola
Innoceleris LLC, Ames, IA 50014, USA
Joel Nerem
Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN 56164, USA
Gordon D. Spronk
Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN 56164, USA
Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Alexey D. Sereda
Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia
African swine fever virus causes hemorrhagic disease in swine. Attenuated strains are reported in Africa, Europe, and Asia. Few studies on the diagnostic detection of attenuated ASF viruses are available. Two groups of pigs were inoculated with an attenuated ASFV. Group 2 was also vaccinated with an attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine. Commercially available ELISA, as well as extraction and qPCR assays, were used to detect antibodies in serum and oral fluids (OF) and nucleic acid in buccal swabs, tonsillar scrapings, OF, and blood samples collected over 93 days, respectively. After 12 dpi, serum (88.9% to 90.9%) in Group 1 was significantly better for antibody detection than OF (0.7% to 68.4%). Group 1′s overall qPCR detection was highest in blood (48.7%) and OF (44.2%), with the highest detection in blood (85.2%) from 8 to 21 days post inoculation (dpi) and in OF (83.3%) from 1 to 7 dpi. Group 2′s results were not significantly different from Group 1, but detection rates were lower overall. Early detection of attenuated ASFV variants requires active surveillance in apparently healthy animals and is only reliable at the herd level. Likewise, antibody testing will be needed to prove freedom from disease.