Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibodies against Omicron in Paired Samples after Two or Three Doses of mRNA Vaccine

Abstract

ABSTRACT SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels wane following two-doses of mRNA vaccination. An mRNA booster dose provides increased protection against hospitalization and death. We demonstrated that a booster dose provides a significant increase in the neutralization of the Beta, Delta and Omicron variants in addition to an increased neutralization of the vaccine strain. The total spike IgG measurements, obtained by using commercial kits that target the spike protein from the vaccine strain, may not reflect serum neutralization against variants of concern. IMPORTANCE This study found little to no neutralizing capability following a 2-dose mRNA vaccine series against the omicron variant, and neutralizing capacity to any variant strain tested was lost by 8-months post 2-dose series. However, the mRNA booster dose eliminated the immune escape observed by the Omicron variant, following the 2-dose series. Even more, the neutralizing titers were significantly higher for all variants post-boost, compared to the titers from the post-two-dose series. Our data are unique, using paired samples that eliminate potential confounders that may impact vaccine response. Notably, as seen after the primary two-dose vaccine series, total antibody levels did not correlate perfectly with variant neutralization activity, suggesting that simply testing titers as a measure of protection may not be a long-term solution. Therefore, it is important to reassess the utility of SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing, as current vaccine strain-based testing may not reliably detect reactive antibodies to Omicron or other variants of concern.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• SARS-CoV-2
• antibodies
• omicron
• protection
• seroprevalence