The Antianginal Drug Perhexiline Displays Cytotoxicity against Colorectal Cancer Cells In Vitro: A Potential for Drug Repurposing

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Perhexiline, a prophylactic anti-anginal drug, has been reported to have anti-tumour effects both in vitro and in vivo. Perhexiline as used clinically is a 50:50 racemic mixture ((R)-P) of (−) and (+) enantiomers. It is not known if the enantiomers differ in terms of their effects on cancer. In this study, we examined the cytotoxic capacity of perhexiline and its enantiomers ((−)-P and (+)-P) on CRC cell lines, grown as monolayers or spheroids, and patient-derived organoids. Treatment of CRC cell lines with (R)-P, (−)-P or (+)-P reduced cell viability, with IC50 values of ~4 µM. Treatment was associated with an increase in annexin V staining and caspase 3/7 activation, indicating apoptosis induction. Caspase 3/7 activation and loss of structural integrity were also observed in CRC cell lines grown as spheroids. Drug treatment at clinically relevant concentrations significantly reduced the viability of patient-derived CRC organoids. Given these in vitro findings, perhexiline, as a racemic mixture or its enantiomers, warrants further investigation as a repurposed drug for use in the management of CRC.

Keywords

• perhexiline
• colorectal cancer
• patient-derived organoids
• perhexiline enantiomers
• anti-tumour agents