A Review of the Clinical Utility of Therapeutic Facet Joint Injections in Whiplash Associated Cervical Spinal Pain

Abstract

Background and Objective: Whiplash neck injury was described by Crowe in 1928. Whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) is defined as a cervical spinal injury following an acceleration-deceleration mechanism. It is a constellation of symptoms due to psychological factors and neural adaptations, with significant social costs. Review Summary: There are multiple classification systems for WAD in the literature. The Quebec Classification is most reported and is predictive of the likelihood of progression to chronicity. The facet joint has been identified as a pain generator in 50% of cases. We outline the likely anatomical cause of WAD and summarize the protocol of medial branch block injections for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, as well as the indications for and published results of facet joint ablation in WAD. We also highlight the development of ultrasound as an alternative to computed tomography or fluoroscopy for injection guidance. Conclusions: WAD is a complex condition associated with sensory disturbance, pain, motor chronic pain, and psychological distress. The literature supports a single diagnostic medial branch block followed by a therapeutic facet joint ablation for chronic pain. WAD should be managed in a multidisciplinary fashion, with an early involvement of psychological specialists when required.

Keywords

• whiplash
• whiplash-associated disorder
• wad
• cervical facet joint
• medial branch block