Ex vivo fecal fermentation of human ileal fluid collected after raspberry consumption modifies (poly)phenolics and modulates genoprotective effects in colonic epithelial cells
Sara Dobani,
Cheryl Latimer,
Gordon J. McDougall,
J. William Allwood,
Gema Pereira-Caro,
José Manuel Moreno-Rojas,
Nigel G. Ternan,
L. Kirsty Pourshahidi,
Roger Lawther,
Kieran M. Tuohy,
Daniele Del Rio,
Gloria O'Connor,
Ian Rowland,
Tahani Mazyad Almutairi,
Alan Crozier,
Chris I.R. Gill
Affiliations
Sara Dobani
Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
Cheryl Latimer
Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
Gordon J. McDougall
Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Department, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, UK
J. William Allwood
Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Department, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, UK
Gema Pereira-Caro
Department of Food Science and Health, IFAPA-Alameda Del Obispo, SN, Córdoba, Spain
José Manuel Moreno-Rojas
Department of Food Science and Health, IFAPA-Alameda Del Obispo, SN, Córdoba, Spain
Nigel G. Ternan
Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
L. Kirsty Pourshahidi
Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
Roger Lawther
Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK
Kieran M. Tuohy
Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'Adige, Italy
Daniele Del Rio
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Gloria O'Connor
Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK
Ian Rowland
Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Tahani Mazyad Almutairi
Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Alan Crozier
Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Nutrition University of California, Davis, CA, USA
Chris I.R. Gill
Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK; Corresponding author.
Diets rich in fruit and vegetables are associated with a decreased incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) due, in part, to the bioactive (poly)phenolic components and their microbiota-mediated metabolites. This study investigated how such compounds, derived from ingested raspberries in the gastrointestinal tract, may exert protective effects by reducing DNA damage. Ileal fluids collected pre- and post-consumption of 300 g of raspberries by ileostomists (n = 11) were subjected to 24 h ex vivo fermentation with fecal inoculum to simulate interaction with colonic microbiota. The impact of fermentation on (poly)phenolics in ileal fluid was determined and the bioactivity of ileal fluids pre- and post fermentation investigated. (Poly)phenolic compounds including sanguiin H-6, sanguiin H-10 and cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside decreased significantly during fermentation while, in contrast, microbial catabolites, including 3-(3′-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid and benzoic acid increased significantly. The post-raspberry ileal fermentate from 9 of the 11 ileostomates significantly decreased DNA damage (~30%) in the CCD 841 CoN normal cell line using an oxidative challenge COMET assay. The raspberry ileal fermentates also modulated gene expression of the nuclear factor 2–antioxidant responsive element (Nrf2-ARE) pathway involved in oxidative stress cytoprotection, namely Nrf2, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone-1 and heme oxygenase-1. Four of the phenolic catabolites were assessed individually, each significantly reducing DNA damage from an oxidative challenge over a physiologically relevant 10–100 μM range. They also induced a differential pattern of expression of key genes in the Nrf2-ARE pathway in CCD 841 CoN cells. The study indicates that the colon-available raspberry (poly)phenols and their microbial-derived catabolites may play a role in protection against CRC in vivo.
