The role of cyanotoxins in human and animal pathology (а review)

Abstract

Cyanobacteria are the oldest and most widespread form of life on Earth. Many of them produce toxins that are dangerous to humans and animals. The review presents data on the distribution of toxin-producing cyanobacteria, the pathogenesis of the action of toxins on human and animal cells and tissues. A significant consideration is given to the neurotoxic effect of cyanotoxins, which is most common cause of animal death. Cyanotoxins can cause severe damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as the liver, kidneys, reproductive system and digestive tract. Data on hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, cardiotoxic, immunotoxic effects of cyanotoxins are presented. Their role in the human brain degenerative diseases is considered. The possible influence of cyanotoxins on carcinogenesis, especially in the liver, large intestine and rectum, is evaluated. The limitations of the existing data on the pathogenicity of cyanobacteria and medical care necessary for cyanotoxin-induced diseases are noted. The necessity for further studies of clinical manifestations of pathological processes caused by cyanotoxins, the development of diagnostic methods and specific therapy of poisoning is discussed.

Keywords

• cyanobacteria
• microcystins
• cylindrospermopsins
• anatoxins
• saxitoxins
• cyanotoxin neurotoxicity
• cyanotoxin hepatotoxicity