Prevalence of abnormal bone mineral density and its influencing factors among adult residents in Jiangsu province: a cross-sectional survey

Abstract

ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of abnormal bone mineral density (BMD) and its influencing factors among adults in Jiangsu province, to provide a reference for the development of prevention and control measures for osteoporosis. MethodsUsing stratified multistage cluster random sampling, we recruited 6 000 adult permanent residents (≥ 20 years old and living locally for at least 5 years) without disability or serious illness and, for women, not pregnant or breastfeeding, in urban and rural areas of Jiangsu province. Participants underwent a face-to-face interview with a self-designed questionnaire, physical examination, laboratory tests, and measurement of calcaneal BMD using the Pegasus ultrasound bone densitometer between October and November 2023. A multifactorial unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the main factors influencing abnormal BMD in the participants. ResultsA total of 5 786 adults were included in the final analysis. The numbers of participants with abnormal BMD, osteopenia, and osteoporosis were 1 280, 1 148, and 132, with prevalence rates of 22.12%, 19.84%, and 2.28%, respectively. Among 2 265 male participants, the numbers with abnormal BMD, osteopenia, and osteoporosis were 624, 560, and 64, with prevalence rates of 27.55%, 24.72%, and 2.83%, respectively; among 3 521 female participants, the numbers with abnormal BMD, osteopenia, and osteoporosis were 656, 588, and 68, with prevalence rates of 18.63%, 16.70%, and 1.93%, respectively. The prevalence rates of abnormal BMD, osteopenia, and osteoporosis were all significantly higher in male participants than in female participants (χ2 = 63.625, 55.792, and 4.944, all P < 0.05). Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥ 60 years and history of fragility fracture were risk factors for abnormal BMD in male adults, whereas education of college degree or higher was a protective factor. Age ≥ 60 years, hypertension, and menopause were risk factors for abnormal BMD in female adults, whereas high school education and moderate physical work were protective factors. ConclusionsThe prevalence of abnormal BMD in adult residents of Jiangsu province is relatively low, and the prevalence of abnormal BMD is higher in male adult residents than in female adult residents. Age and education level are common factors influencing abnormal BMD in both male and female adult residents in the region.

Keywords

• abnormal bone mineral density
• prevalence
• influencing factor
• adult residents