Frontiers in Future Transportation (Sep 2024)
User expectations for an automated motorway access assistant system
Abstract
IntroductionTo avoid the uncertainty present in a cooperation between manual vehicles (MVs) and automated vehicles (AVs), cooperative connected automated mobility (CCAM) is frequently proposed. In this contribution, we consider the situation of a motorway slip road where an AV (SAE level 3 or higher) on the motorway cooperates by opening a suitable gap for an entering AV. To ensure a meeting of the cooperation partners, speed adjustment by the system might often be necessary.MethodsTo investigate the acceptance of an automated cooperative motorway access assistant a driving simulator study (N = 41) was conducted. Participants drove six laps on a virtual test track in a level 3 AV. Three levels of speed adjustment and two levels of an HMI (with or without HMI) were tested. They experienced the automated cooperative motorway access assistant in two situations. Firstly, when they entered the motorway themselves and benefited from the system, and secondly, when the system reduced their vehicle's speed to allow for cooperation with another vehicle on a motorway slip road ahead.ResultsThe results show that the acceptance of the assistant depends significantly on the magnitude of speed reduction: the greater the speed adjustment, the worse the user rating, and the more often the cooperation was terminated. Obviously, the acceptance depends on the perspective: If the users themselves benefit from the speed adjustment of others, they rate the system significantly better than if they themselves must accept the restriction. Only in the case of a small speed reduction, the assistant is rated as well as if the user benefits from the system. The availability of a human-machine interface (HMI) providing information about the system status influenced acceptance only marginally but had a significant influence on the trust in the automation.DiscussionThe results suggest that people are willing to accept a personal disadvantage in order to give others an advantage in the context of CCAM. However, acceptance depends on the magnitude of the disadvantage. The overall agreement scores of the system with HMI did not differ from those without HMI, although the HMI was found to slightly reduce the termination of cooperation. Three possible reasons for this result, which differs from previous research, are discussed.
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